remove duplicate findBuildingDef from BuildingSystem

BuildingSystem::findBuildingDef was a byte-equivalent re-implementation of
BuildingsConfig::findBuildingDef. Same cleanup as the GameWorldView copy;
this one sits in the sim layer, so it was missed by both earlier passes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01GH8ZMRY3vhxxXcaUxBqxkk

src/lib/config/ModulesConfig.h

@@ -59,4 +59,18 @@ struct ModuleDef
 struct ModulesConfig
 {
     std::vector<ModuleDef> modules;
+
+    // Returns the definition for the given module id, or nullptr if the id has
+    // no entry in modules.toml.
+    const ModuleDef* findModuleDef(const std::string& id) const
+    {
+        for (const ModuleDef& def : modules)
+        {
+            if (def.id == id)
+            {
+                return &def;
+            }
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
 };

src/lib/config/RecipesConfig.h

@@ -47,4 +47,32 @@ struct RecipeDef
 struct RecipesConfig
 {
     std::vector<RecipeDef> recipes;
+
+    // Returns the definition for the given recipe id, or nullptr if the id has
+    // no entry in recipes.toml.
+    const RecipeDef* findRecipeDef(const std::string& id) const
+    {
+        for (const RecipeDef& recipe : recipes)
+        {
+            if (recipe.id == id)
+            {
+                return &recipe;
+            }
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // Same, but additionally requires the recipe to belong to the given building
+    // type — recipe ids are only unique per building type.
+    const RecipeDef* findRecipeDef(const std::string& id, BuildingType building) const
+    {
+        for (const RecipeDef& recipe : recipes)
+        {
+            if (recipe.id == id && recipe.building == building)
+            {
+                return &recipe;
+            }
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
 };

src/lib/config/ShipsConfig.h

@@ -49,4 +49,18 @@ struct ShipDef
 struct ShipsConfig
 {
     std::vector<ShipDef> ships;
+
+    // Returns the definition for the given ship schematic id, or nullptr if the
+    // id has no entry in ships.toml.
+    const ShipDef* findShipDef(const std::string& id) const
+    {
+        for (const ShipDef& def : ships)
+        {
+            if (def.id == id)
+            {
+                return &def;
+            }
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
 };

src/lib/core/EntityAdmin.cpp

@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ entt::entity EntityAdmin::spawnShip(QVector2D position, float hp, float maxHp,
                                     const std::string& schematicId, bool isEnemy)
 {
     entt::entity entity = createEntity();
-    add<PositionComponent>(entity, PositionComponent{position});
-    add<HealthComponent>(entity, HealthComponent{hp, maxHp});
-    add<FactionComponent>(entity, FactionComponent{isEnemy});
-    add<FacingComponent>(entity, FacingComponent{0.0f});
-    add<DynamicBodyComponent>(entity, DynamicBodyComponent{
+    addComponent<PositionComponent>(entity, PositionComponent{position});
+    addComponent<HealthComponent>(entity, HealthComponent{hp, maxHp});
+    addComponent<FactionComponent>(entity, FactionComponent{isEnemy});
+    addComponent<FacingComponent>(entity, FacingComponent{0.0f});
+    addComponent<DynamicBodyComponent>(entity, DynamicBodyComponent{
         maxSpeed_tpt,
         mainAcceleration_tptt,
         maneuveringAcceleration_tptt,
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ entt::entity EntityAdmin::spawnShip(QVector2D position, float hp, float maxHp,
         QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f),  // linearAcceleration_tptt
         0.0f                     // angularAcceleration_rptt
     });
-    add<SensorRangeComponent>(entity, SensorRangeComponent{sensorRange_tiles});
-    add<ShipIdentityComponent>(entity, ShipIdentityComponent{schematicId});
-    add<MovementIntentComponent>(entity, MovementIntentComponent{0, QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f)});
+    addComponent<SensorRangeComponent>(entity, SensorRangeComponent{sensorRange_tiles});
+    addComponent<ShipIdentityComponent>(entity, ShipIdentityComponent{schematicId});
+    addComponent<MovementIntentComponent>(entity, MovementIntentComponent{0, QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f)});
     return entity;
 }
 
@@ -73,28 +73,28 @@ entt::entity EntityAdmin::spawnStation(QPoint anchor, QSize footprint,
     entt::entity entity = createEntity();
     QVector2D center(anchor.x() + footprint.width() / 2.0f,
                      anchor.y() + footprint.height() / 2.0f);
-    add<PositionComponent>(entity, PositionComponent{center});
-    add<HealthComponent>(entity, HealthComponent{hp, maxHp});
-    add<FactionComponent>(entity, FactionComponent{isEnemy});
-    add<StationBodyComponent>(entity, StationBodyComponent{anchor, footprint, bodyCells});
+    addComponent<PositionComponent>(entity, PositionComponent{center});
+    addComponent<HealthComponent>(entity, HealthComponent{hp, maxHp});
+    addComponent<FactionComponent>(entity, FactionComponent{isEnemy});
+    addComponent<StationBodyComponent>(entity, StationBodyComponent{anchor, footprint, bodyCells});
     return entity;
 }
 
 entt::entity EntityAdmin::spawnDebris(QVector2D position, int amount, Tick despawnAt)
 {
     entt::entity entity = createEntity();
-    add<PositionComponent>(entity, PositionComponent{position});
-    add<DebrisComponent>(entity, DebrisComponent{amount});
-    add<DespawnAtComponent>(entity, DespawnAtComponent{despawnAt});
+    addComponent<PositionComponent>(entity, PositionComponent{position});
+    addComponent<DebrisComponent>(entity, DebrisComponent{amount});
+    addComponent<DespawnAtComponent>(entity, DespawnAtComponent{despawnAt});
     return entity;
 }
 
 entt::entity EntityAdmin::spawnHqProxy(QVector2D position, float hp, float maxHp)
 {
     entt::entity entity = createEntity();
-    add<PositionComponent>(entity, PositionComponent{position});
-    add<HealthComponent>(entity, HealthComponent{hp, maxHp});
-    add<FactionComponent>(entity, FactionComponent{false});
-    add<HqProxyComponent>(entity);
+    addComponent<PositionComponent>(entity, PositionComponent{position});
+    addComponent<HealthComponent>(entity, HealthComponent{hp, maxHp});
+    addComponent<FactionComponent>(entity, FactionComponent{false});
+    addComponent<HqProxyComponent>(entity);
     return entity;
 }

src/lib/core/EntityAdmin.h

@@ -73,9 +73,6 @@ public:
 private:
     entt::entity createEntity();
 
-    template <typename T, typename... Args>
-    void add(entt::entity entity, Args&&... args);
-
     entt::registry m_registry;
 };
 
@@ -133,10 +130,4 @@ void EntityAdmin::removeComponent(entt::entity entity)
     m_registry.remove<T>(entity);
 }
 
-template <typename T, typename... Args>
-void EntityAdmin::add(entt::entity entity, Args&&... args)
-{
-    m_registry.emplace<T>(entity, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-}
-
 #endif // ENTITY_ADMIN_H

src/lib/ecs/system/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ SET(HDRS
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/AttackEvaluator.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/AttackExecutor.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/BehaviorTargeting.h
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/Centroid.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/DeliverScrapEvaluator.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/DeliverScrapExecutor.h
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/OrbitAndAssignExecutor.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/RallyEvaluator.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/RallyExecutor.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ai/RepairEvaluator.h

src/lib/ecs/system/ShipSystem.cpp

@@ -41,35 +41,11 @@ ShipSystem::ShipSystem(const GameConfig& config, EntityAdmin& admin)
 {
 }
 
-const ShipDef* ShipSystem::findShipDef(const std::string& schematicId) const
-{
-    for (const ShipDef& def : m_config.ships.ships)
-    {
-        if (def.id == schematicId)
-        {
-            return &def;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-const ModuleDef* ShipSystem::findModuleDef(const std::string& id) const
-{
-    for (const ModuleDef& def : m_config.modules.modules)
-    {
-        if (def.id == id)
-        {
-            return &def;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
 entt::entity ShipSystem::spawn(const std::string& schematicId,
                                QVector2D position, bool isEnemy,
                                const std::optional<ShipLayoutConfig>& layout)
 {
-    const ShipDef* def = findShipDef(schematicId);
+    const ShipDef* def = m_config.ships.findShipDef(schematicId);
     assert(def != nullptr);
 
     const float tickRate = static_cast<float>(kTickRateHz);
@@ -116,7 +92,7 @@ entt::entity ShipSystem::spawn(const std::string& schematicId,
 
     for (const PlacedModule& pm : modules)
     {
-        const ModuleDef* modDef = findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+        const ModuleDef* modDef = m_config.modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
         if (!modDef) { throw std::runtime_error("unknown module id '" + pm.moduleId + "'"); }
 
         if (modDef->weaponCapability)
@@ -184,7 +160,7 @@ entt::entity ShipSystem::spawn(const std::string& schematicId,
 
     for (const PlacedModule& pm : modules)
     {
-        const ModuleDef* modDef = findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+        const ModuleDef* modDef = m_config.modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
         if (!modDef) { throw std::runtime_error("unknown module id '" + pm.moduleId + "'"); }
 
         for (const ModuleStatModifier& sm : modDef->statModifiers)

src/lib/ecs/system/ShipSystem.h

@@ -38,9 +38,6 @@ public:
     void setRetreatEnabled(bool enabled);
 
 private:
-    const ShipDef*   findShipDef(const std::string& schematicId) const;
-    const ModuleDef* findModuleDef(const std::string& id) const;
-
     const GameConfig& m_config;
     EntityAdmin&      m_admin;
     QVector2D         m_rallyPoint;

src/lib/ecs/system/ai/AdvanceExecutor.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "AdvanceBehavior.h"
 #include "BehaviorKind.h"
+#include "Centroid.h"
 #include "EntityAdmin.h"
 #include "FactionComponent.h"
 #include "HealthComponent.h"
@@ -16,28 +17,6 @@
 #include "StationBodyComponent.h"
 #include "tracing.h"
 
-namespace
-{
-// Accumulates positions to produce their centroid (the center between them).
-struct Centroid
-{
-    QVector2D sum;
-    int       count = 0;
-
-    void add(const QVector2D& point)
-    {
-        sum += point;
-        count += 1;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<QVector2D> value() const
-    {
-        if (count == 0) { return std::nullopt; }
-        return sum / static_cast<float>(count);
-    }
-};
-}
-
 void AdvanceExecutor::execute(EntityAdmin& admin)
 {
     TRACE();

src/lib/ecs/system/ai/AttackExecutor.cpp

@@ -2,12 +2,8 @@
 
 #include "AttackBehavior.h"
 #include "BehaviorKind.h"
-#include "DynamicBodyComponent.h"
 #include "EntityAdmin.h"
-#include "ModuleOwnerComponent.h"
-#include "MovementIntentComponent.h"
-#include "PositionComponent.h"
-#include "SelectedBehaviorComponent.h"
+#include "OrbitAndAssignExecutor.h"
 #include "tracing.h"
 #include "WeaponComponent.h"
 
@@ -15,55 +11,7 @@ void AttackExecutor::execute(EntityAdmin& admin)
 {
     TRACE();
 
-    // Ships: move toward the behavior target.
-    admin.forEach<AttackBehavior, SelectedBehaviorComponent, PositionComponent,
-                  MovementIntentComponent>(
-        [&](entt::entity /*e*/, const AttackBehavior& attack,
-            const SelectedBehaviorComponent& selected, const PositionComponent& pos,
-            MovementIntentComponent& intent)
-        {
-            if (selected.winner != BehaviorKind::Attack) { return; }
-            if (!attack.currentTarget) { return; }
-
-            const entt::entity t = *attack.currentTarget;
-            QVector2D center = pos.value;
-            float     radius = 0.0f;
-            QVector2D centerVelocity;
-            if (admin.isValid(t) && admin.hasAll<PositionComponent>(t))
-            {
-                center = admin.get<PositionComponent>(t).value;
-                radius = attack.orbitRadius_tiles;
-                if (admin.hasAll<DynamicBodyComponent>(t))
-                {
-                    centerVelocity = admin.get<DynamicBodyComponent>(t).velocity_tpt;
-                }
-            }
-            intent = MovementIntentComponent{true, center, radius, centerVelocity};
-        });
-
-    // Weapons: assign the behavior target only if it is within this weapon's range.
-    admin.forEach<WeaponComponent, ModuleOwnerComponent>(
-        [&](entt::entity /*we*/, WeaponComponent& weapon, const ModuleOwnerComponent& owner)
-        {
-            if (!admin.hasAll<AttackBehavior, SelectedBehaviorComponent>(owner.owner))
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-            const SelectedBehaviorComponent& selected =
-                admin.get<SelectedBehaviorComponent>(owner.owner);
-            if (selected.winner != BehaviorKind::Attack) { return; }
-
-            const AttackBehavior& attack = admin.get<AttackBehavior>(owner.owner);
-            if (!attack.currentTarget) { return; }
-
-            const entt::entity t = *attack.currentTarget;
-            if (!admin.isValid(t) || !admin.hasAll<PositionComponent>(t)) { return; }
-
-            const QVector2D ownerPos = admin.get<PositionComponent>(owner.owner).value;
-            const float dist = (admin.get<PositionComponent>(t).value - ownerPos).length();
-            if (dist <= weapon.range_tiles)
-            {
-                weapon.currentTarget = t;
-            }
-        });
+    // Orbit the attack target and hand it to every weapon that can reach it
+    // (REQ-SHP-ORBIT).
+    executeOrbitAndAssign<AttackBehavior, WeaponComponent>(admin, BehaviorKind::Attack);
 }

src/lib/ecs/system/ai/Centroid.h

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <optional>
+
+#include <QVector2D>
+
+// Accumulates positions to produce their centroid (the center between them).
+// Shared by the behavior executors that steer toward the middle of a group of
+// entities (AdvanceExecutor: defence stations; StandbyExecutor: friendly ships).
+struct Centroid
+{
+    QVector2D sum;
+    int       count = 0;
+
+    void add(const QVector2D& point)
+    {
+        sum += point;
+        count += 1;
+    }
+
+    std::optional<QVector2D> value() const
+    {
+        if (count == 0) { return std::nullopt; }
+        return sum / static_cast<float>(count);
+    }
+};

src/lib/ecs/system/ai/OrbitAndAssignExecutor.h

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QVector2D>
+
+#include "entt/entity/entity.hpp"
+
+#include "BehaviorKind.h"
+#include "DynamicBodyComponent.h"
+#include "EntityAdmin.h"
+#include "ModuleOwnerComponent.h"
+#include "MovementIntentComponent.h"
+#include "PositionComponent.h"
+#include "SelectedBehaviorComponent.h"
+
+// Shared executor body for the behaviors that orbit a single target entity and then
+// hand that target to the ship's in-range modules (REQ-SHP-ORBIT): Attack (with
+// WeaponComponent) and Repair (with RepairToolComponent).
+//
+// Two passes, in this order — the order and the exact sequence of component writes
+// are load-bearing for determinism (see the Tick Order section of
+// docs/architecture.md):
+//   1. Ships that have `Behavior` and won with `kind` write their MovementIntent to
+//      orbit the behavior's target at the behavior's orbit radius. A target that is
+//      gone (or has no position) degenerates to "hold position": the ship's own
+//      position with a zero radius.
+//   2. Modules of type `ModuleComponent` whose owner won with `kind` adopt the
+//      behavior's target, but only when it lies within that module's own range.
+//      Out-of-range modules keep whatever target they already had, which
+//      CombatSystem/RepairSystem re-validate.
+//
+// `Behavior` must expose `std::optional<entt::entity> currentTarget` and
+// `float orbitRadius_tiles`; `ModuleComponent` must expose `float range_tiles` and
+// `std::optional<entt::entity> currentTarget`.
+template <typename Behavior, typename ModuleComponent>
+void executeOrbitAndAssign(EntityAdmin& admin, BehaviorKind kind)
+{
+    // Ships: move toward the behavior target.
+    admin.forEach<Behavior, SelectedBehaviorComponent, PositionComponent,
+                  MovementIntentComponent>(
+        [&](entt::entity /*e*/, const Behavior& behavior,
+            const SelectedBehaviorComponent& selected, const PositionComponent& pos,
+            MovementIntentComponent& intent)
+        {
+            if (selected.winner != kind) { return; }
+            if (!behavior.currentTarget) { return; }
+
+            const entt::entity t = *behavior.currentTarget;
+            QVector2D center = pos.value;
+            float     radius = 0.0f;
+            QVector2D centerVelocity;
+            if (admin.isValid(t) && admin.hasAll<PositionComponent>(t))
+            {
+                center = admin.get<PositionComponent>(t).value;
+                radius = behavior.orbitRadius_tiles;
+                if (admin.hasAll<DynamicBodyComponent>(t))
+                {
+                    centerVelocity = admin.get<DynamicBodyComponent>(t).velocity_tpt;
+                }
+            }
+            intent = MovementIntentComponent{true, center, radius, centerVelocity};
+        });
+
+    // Modules: assign the behavior target only if it is within this module's range.
+    admin.forEach<ModuleComponent, ModuleOwnerComponent>(
+        [&](entt::entity /*me*/, ModuleComponent& module,
+            const ModuleOwnerComponent& owner)
+        {
+            if (!admin.hasAll<Behavior, SelectedBehaviorComponent>(owner.owner))
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+            const SelectedBehaviorComponent& selected =
+                admin.get<SelectedBehaviorComponent>(owner.owner);
+            if (selected.winner != kind) { return; }
+
+            const Behavior& behavior = admin.get<Behavior>(owner.owner);
+            if (!behavior.currentTarget) { return; }
+
+            const entt::entity t = *behavior.currentTarget;
+            if (!admin.isValid(t) || !admin.hasAll<PositionComponent>(t)) { return; }
+
+            const QVector2D ownerPos = admin.get<PositionComponent>(owner.owner).value;
+            const float dist = (admin.get<PositionComponent>(t).value - ownerPos).length();
+            if (dist <= module.range_tiles)
+            {
+                module.currentTarget = t;
+            }
+        });
+}

src/lib/ecs/system/ai/RepairExecutor.cpp

@@ -1,69 +1,17 @@
 #include "RepairExecutor.h"
 
 #include "BehaviorKind.h"
-#include "DynamicBodyComponent.h"
 #include "EntityAdmin.h"
-#include "ModuleOwnerComponent.h"
-#include "MovementIntentComponent.h"
-#include "PositionComponent.h"
+#include "OrbitAndAssignExecutor.h"
 #include "RepairBehavior.h"
 #include "RepairToolComponent.h"
-#include "SelectedBehaviorComponent.h"
 #include "tracing.h"
 
 void RepairExecutor::execute(EntityAdmin& admin)
 {
     TRACE();
 
-    // Ships: move toward the repair target.
-    admin.forEach<RepairBehavior, SelectedBehaviorComponent, PositionComponent,
-                  MovementIntentComponent>(
-        [&](entt::entity /*e*/, const RepairBehavior& repair,
-            const SelectedBehaviorComponent& selected, const PositionComponent& pos,
-            MovementIntentComponent& intent)
-        {
-            if (selected.winner != BehaviorKind::Repair) { return; }
-            if (!repair.currentTarget) { return; }
-
-            const entt::entity t = *repair.currentTarget;
-            QVector2D center = pos.value;
-            float     radius = 0.0f;
-            QVector2D centerVelocity;
-            if (admin.isValid(t) && admin.hasAll<PositionComponent>(t))
-            {
-                center = admin.get<PositionComponent>(t).value;
-                radius = repair.orbitRadius_tiles;
-                if (admin.hasAll<DynamicBodyComponent>(t))
-                {
-                    centerVelocity = admin.get<DynamicBodyComponent>(t).velocity_tpt;
-                }
-            }
-            intent = MovementIntentComponent{true, center, radius, centerVelocity};
-        });
-
-    // Repair tools: prefer the behavior target if it is within tool range.
-    admin.forEach<RepairToolComponent, ModuleOwnerComponent>(
-        [&](entt::entity /*re*/, RepairToolComponent& tool, const ModuleOwnerComponent& owner)
-        {
-            if (!admin.hasAll<RepairBehavior, SelectedBehaviorComponent>(owner.owner))
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-            const SelectedBehaviorComponent& selected =
-                admin.get<SelectedBehaviorComponent>(owner.owner);
-            if (selected.winner != BehaviorKind::Repair) { return; }
-
-            const RepairBehavior& repair = admin.get<RepairBehavior>(owner.owner);
-            if (!repair.currentTarget) { return; }
-
-            const entt::entity t = *repair.currentTarget;
-            if (!admin.isValid(t) || !admin.hasAll<PositionComponent>(t)) { return; }
-
-            const QVector2D ownerPos = admin.get<PositionComponent>(owner.owner).value;
-            const float dist = (admin.get<PositionComponent>(t).value - ownerPos).length();
-            if (dist <= tool.range_tiles)
-            {
-                tool.currentTarget = t;
-            }
-        });
+    // Orbit the repair target and hand it to every repair tool that can reach it
+    // (REQ-SHP-ORBIT).
+    executeOrbitAndAssign<RepairBehavior, RepairToolComponent>(admin, BehaviorKind::Repair);
 }

src/lib/ecs/system/ai/StandbyExecutor.cpp

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <QVector2D>
 
 #include "BehaviorKind.h"
+#include "Centroid.h"
 #include "EntityAdmin.h"
 #include "FactionComponent.h"
 #include "HealthComponent.h"
@@ -16,28 +17,6 @@
 #include "StationBodyComponent.h"
 #include "tracing.h"
 
-namespace
-{
-// Accumulates positions to produce their centroid (the center between them).
-struct Centroid
-{
-    QVector2D sum;
-    int       count = 0;
-
-    void add(const QVector2D& point)
-    {
-        sum += point;
-        count += 1;
-    }
-
-    std::optional<QVector2D> value() const
-    {
-        if (count == 0) { return std::nullopt; }
-        return sum / static_cast<float>(count);
-    }
-};
-}
-
 void StandbyExecutor::execute(EntityAdmin& admin)
 {
     TRACE();

src/lib/sim/BuildingSystem.cpp

@@ -95,55 +95,6 @@ BuildingSystem::BuildingSystem(const GameConfig& config,
 // Private helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const BuildingDef* BuildingSystem::findBuildingDef(BuildingType type) const
-{
-    for (const BuildingDef& def : m_config.buildings.buildings)
-    {
-        if (def.type == type)
-        {
-            return &def;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-const RecipeDef* BuildingSystem::findRecipe(const std::string& id,
-                                             BuildingType type) const
-{
-    for (const RecipeDef& recipe : m_config.recipes.recipes)
-    {
-        if (recipe.id == id && recipe.building == type)
-        {
-            return &recipe;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-const ShipDef* BuildingSystem::findShipDef(const std::string& id) const
-{
-    for (const ShipDef& def : m_config.ships.ships)
-    {
-        if (def.id == id)
-        {
-            return &def;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-const ModuleDef* BuildingSystem::findModuleDef(const std::string& id) const
-{
-    for (const ModuleDef& def : m_config.modules.modules)
-    {
-        if (def.id == id)
-        {
-            return &def;
-        }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
 void BuildingSystem::initBuffers(Building& b, const RecipeDef& recipe) const
 {
     b.inputBuffer.counts.clear();
@@ -237,7 +188,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::initShipyardBuffers(Building& b) const
     b.inputBuffer.caps.clear();
     b.outputBuffer.items.clear();
     b.outputBuffer.capacity = 0;
-    const ShipDef* def = findShipDef(b.recipeId);
+    const ShipDef* def = m_config.ships.findShipDef(b.recipeId);
     if (!def)
     {
         return;
@@ -252,7 +203,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::initShipyardBuffers(Building& b) const
     {
         for (const PlacedModule& pm : b.shipLayout->placedModules)
         {
-            const ModuleDef* modDef = findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+            const ModuleDef* modDef = m_config.modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
             if (!modDef)
             {
                 continue;
@@ -272,7 +223,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::initSalvageBayBuffer(Building& b) const
     // Salvage Bay has no recipe-driven buffer; its output-buffer holding size for
     // ship drop-off is config-defined (REQ-BLD-SALVAGE-BAY).
     b.outputBuffer.items.clear();
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(BuildingType::SalvageBay);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(BuildingType::SalvageBay);
     b.outputBuffer.capacity =
         (def && def->outputBufferCapacity) ? *def->outputBufferCapacity : 0;
 }
@@ -345,7 +296,7 @@ std::vector<Port> BuildingSystem::getInputPorts(BuildingId id) const
     {
         // A site stores no ports; derive its output ports from the mask (absolute)
         // and run the same input-edge scan (REQ-BLD-BELT-DRAG, REQ-MAT-INPUT-PORTS).
-        const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(site->type);
+        const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(site->type);
         if (def == nullptr) { return {}; }
         const ParsedSurfaceMask mask = parseSurfaceMask(def->surfaceMask, site->rotation);
         std::vector<Port> outputPortsAbsolute;
@@ -391,7 +342,7 @@ std::vector<Item> BuildingSystem::rollReprocessingOutput(const RecipeDef& recipe
 std::optional<BuildingId> BuildingSystem::place(BuildingType type, QPoint anchor,
                                 Rotation rotation, Tick currentTick)
 {
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(type);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(type);
     assert(def != nullptr);
     const ParsedSurfaceMask mask = parseSurfaceMask(def->surfaceMask, rotation);
 
@@ -455,7 +406,7 @@ bool BuildingSystem::bodyCellsWithinWorldBounds(const std::vector<QPoint>& bodyC
 bool BuildingSystem::isPlacementValid(BuildingType type, QPoint anchor,
                                       Rotation rotation) const
 {
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(type);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(type);
     if (def == nullptr)
     {
         return false;
@@ -510,7 +461,7 @@ int BuildingSystem::deconstruct(BuildingId id, Tick currentTick)
     {
         if (it->id == id)
         {
-            const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(it->type);
+            const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(it->type);
             for (const QPoint& cell : it->bodyCells)
             {
                 m_tileOccupancy.erase({cell.x(), cell.y()});
@@ -646,7 +597,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::setRecipe(BuildingId id, const std::string& recipeId)
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    const RecipeDef* recipe = findRecipe(recipeId, building.type);
+                    const RecipeDef* recipe = m_config.recipes.findRecipeDef(recipeId, building.type);
                     if (recipe)
                     {
                         initBuffers(building, *recipe);
@@ -701,7 +652,7 @@ BuildingSystem::getSiteSplitterInfo(BuildingId id) const
         if (site.id != id) { continue; }
         if (site.type != BuildingType::Splitter) { return std::nullopt; }
 
-        const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(site.type);
+        const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(site.type);
         const ParsedSurfaceMask mask = parseSurfaceMask(
             def ? def->surfaceMask : std::vector<std::string>{}, site.rotation);
         if (mask.outputPorts.size() < 2) { return std::nullopt; }
@@ -748,7 +699,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::tickConstruction(Tick currentTick)
     // Guard: if somehow the front site was never started, start it now.
     if (front.completesAt == 0)
     {
-        const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(front.type);
+        const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(front.type);
         if (def)
         {
             front.completesAt = currentTick + secondsToTicks(def->constructionTimeSeconds);
@@ -762,7 +713,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::tickConstruction(Tick currentTick)
     }
 
     // Promote construction site to an operational Building.
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(front.type);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(front.type);
     const ParsedSurfaceMask mask = parseSurfaceMask(
         def ? def->surfaceMask : std::vector<std::string>{},
         front.rotation);
@@ -809,7 +760,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::tickConstruction(Tick currentTick)
         }
         else
         {
-            const RecipeDef* recipe = findRecipe(building.recipeId, building.type);
+            const RecipeDef* recipe = m_config.recipes.findRecipeDef(building.recipeId, building.type);
             if (recipe)
             {
                 initBuffers(building, *recipe);
@@ -828,7 +779,8 @@ void BuildingSystem::tickConstruction(Tick currentTick)
     // Start next queued site if present.
     if (!m_constructionQueue.empty() && m_constructionQueue.front().completesAt == 0)
     {
-        const BuildingDef* nextDef = findBuildingDef(m_constructionQueue.front().type);
+        const BuildingDef* nextDef =
+            m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(m_constructionQueue.front().type);
         if (nextDef)
         {
             m_constructionQueue.front().completesAt =
@@ -896,7 +848,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::tickDeconstruction(Tick currentTick)
     {
         if (it->id != front.id) { continue; }
 
-        const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(it->type);
+        const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(it->type);
         for (const QPoint& cell : it->bodyCells)
         {
             m_tileOccupancy.erase({cell.x(), cell.y()});
@@ -1187,7 +1139,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::tickShipyardProduction(Tick currentTick)
         {
             continue;
         }
-        const ShipDef* shipDef = findShipDef(building.recipeId);
+        const ShipDef* shipDef = m_config.ships.findShipDef(building.recipeId);
         if (!shipDef)
         {
             continue;
@@ -1252,7 +1204,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::tickShipyardProduction(Tick currentTick)
         {
             for (const PlacedModule& pm : building.shipLayout->placedModules)
             {
-                const ModuleDef* modDef = findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+                const ModuleDef* modDef = m_config.modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
                 if (modDef)
                 {
                     totalTime += modDef->productionTimeSeconds;
@@ -1466,7 +1418,7 @@ BuildingSystem::gatherCandidateRecipes(const Building& b) const
     }
     else
     {
-        const RecipeDef* recipe = findRecipe(b.recipeId, b.type);
+        const RecipeDef* recipe = m_config.recipes.findRecipeDef(b.recipeId, b.type);
         if (recipe)
         {
             candidates.push_back(recipe);
@@ -1495,7 +1447,7 @@ std::map<std::string, int>
 BuildingSystem::computeShipyardRequiredMaterials(const Building& b) const
 {
     std::map<std::string, int> requiredMaterials;
-    const ShipDef* shipDef = findShipDef(b.recipeId);
+    const ShipDef* shipDef = m_config.ships.findShipDef(b.recipeId);
     if (!shipDef)
     {
         return requiredMaterials;
@@ -1508,7 +1460,7 @@ BuildingSystem::computeShipyardRequiredMaterials(const Building& b) const
     {
         for (const PlacedModule& pm : b.shipLayout->placedModules)
         {
-            const ModuleDef* modDef = findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+            const ModuleDef* modDef = m_config.modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
             if (!modDef)
             {
                 continue;
@@ -1638,7 +1590,7 @@ std::optional<BuildingId> BuildingSystem::findRotateInPlaceTarget(
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(type);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(type);
     if (!def) { return std::nullopt; }
 
     const ParsedSurfaceMask mask = parseSurfaceMask(def->surfaceMask, rot);
@@ -1698,7 +1650,7 @@ void BuildingSystem::rotateInPlace(BuildingId id, Rotation newRotation)
 
         b.rotation = newRotation;
 
-        const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(b.type);
+        const BuildingDef* def = m_config.buildings.findBuildingDef(b.type);
         if (!def) { return; }
         const ParsedSurfaceMask mask = parseSurfaceMask(def->surfaceMask, newRotation);
 

src/lib/sim/BuildingSystem.h

@@ -267,10 +267,6 @@ private:
     // the status light (REQ-UI-STATUS-LIGHT).
     bool                hasInputsToStart(const Building& b) const;
 
-    const BuildingDef*  findBuildingDef(BuildingType type) const;
-    const RecipeDef*    findRecipe(const std::string& id, BuildingType type) const;
-    const ShipDef*      findShipDef(const std::string& id) const;
-    const ModuleDef*    findModuleDef(const std::string& id) const;
     void                initBuffers(Building& b, const RecipeDef& recipe) const;
     // Buffers for an auto-recipe building (Smelter, Reprocessing Plant): input
     // caps span the union of every recipe of the building's type; no player

src/lib/sim/ShipStatsCalculator.cpp

@@ -21,22 +21,9 @@ ShipStats calculateShipStats(const GameConfig& config,
 {
     ShipStats result{};
 
-    const ShipDef* shipDef = nullptr;
-    for (const ShipDef& d : config.ships.ships)
-    {
-        if (d.id == shipId) { shipDef = &d; break; }
-    }
+    const ShipDef* shipDef = config.ships.findShipDef(shipId);
     if (!shipDef) { return result; }
 
-    auto findModuleDef = [&](const std::string& id) -> const ModuleDef*
-    {
-        for (const ModuleDef& d : config.modules.modules)
-        {
-            if (d.id == id) { return &d; }
-        }
-        return nullptr;
-    };
-
     const double tileSize = config.world.tileSize_m;
 
     // --- Base hull stats (convert from SI to display units) ------------------
@@ -67,7 +54,7 @@ ShipStats calculateShipStats(const GameConfig& config,
 
     for (const PlacedModule& pm : modules)
     {
-        const ModuleDef* def = findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+        const ModuleDef* def = config.modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
         if (!def) { throw std::runtime_error("unknown module id '" + pm.moduleId + "'"); }
 
         if (def->weaponCapability)
@@ -107,7 +94,7 @@ ShipStats calculateShipStats(const GameConfig& config,
 
     for (const PlacedModule& pm : modules)
     {
-        const ModuleDef* def = findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+        const ModuleDef* def = config.modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
         if (!def) { throw std::runtime_error("unknown module id '" + pm.moduleId + "'"); }
 
         for (const ModuleStatModifier& sm : def->statModifiers)

src/lib/sim/Simulation.cpp

@@ -48,32 +48,7 @@ Simulation::Simulation(GameConfig config, unsigned int seed)
     m_currentEnemyStationEntities[0] = entt::null;
     m_currentEnemyStationEntities[1] = entt::null;
 
-    m_buildingSystem = std::make_unique<BuildingSystem>(
-        m_config,
-        m_beltSystem,
-        [this]() { return allocateBuildingId(); },
-        [this](int amount) { m_buildingBlocksStock += amount; },
-        [this](const std::string& id, QVector2D pos,
-               const std::optional<ShipLayoutConfig>& layout) {
-            const std::map<std::string, SchematicState>::const_iterator it =
-                m_schematicLevels.find(id);
-            if (it == m_schematicLevels.end() || !it->second.unlocked)
-            {
-                return;
-            }
-            m_shipSystem->spawn(id, pos, /*isEnemy=*/false, layout);
-        },
-        [this](const std::string& itemId) -> bool { return isItemUnlocked(itemId); },
-        m_rng);
-    m_shipSystem     = std::make_unique<ShipSystem>(m_config, m_admin);
-    m_aiSystem       = std::make_unique<AiSystem>(m_config);
-    m_movementIntentSystem = std::make_unique<MovementIntentSystem>();
-    m_dynamicBodySystem    = std::make_unique<DynamicBodySystem>();
-    m_debrisSystem    = std::make_unique<DebrisSystem>(m_admin);
-    m_salvagerSystem = std::make_unique<SalvagerSystem>(m_admin);
-    m_repairSystem   = std::make_unique<RepairSystem>(m_admin);
-    m_waveSystem     = std::make_unique<WaveSystem>(m_config, m_rng);
-    m_combatSystem   = std::make_unique<CombatSystem>(m_config);
+    initializeSubsystems();
 
     initializeUnlockState();
     placeInitialStructures();
@@ -120,6 +95,14 @@ void Simulation::reset(unsigned int seed)
 
     m_admin.clear();
     m_beltSystem = BeltSystem(m_config.world.beltSpeed_tps);
+    initializeSubsystems();
+
+    initializeUnlockState();
+    placeInitialStructures();
+}
+
+void Simulation::initializeSubsystems()
+{
     m_buildingSystem = std::make_unique<BuildingSystem>(
         m_config,
         m_beltSystem,
@@ -146,9 +129,6 @@ void Simulation::reset(unsigned int seed)
     m_repairSystem   = std::make_unique<RepairSystem>(m_admin);
     m_waveSystem     = std::make_unique<WaveSystem>(m_config, m_rng);
     m_combatSystem   = std::make_unique<CombatSystem>(m_config);
-
-    initializeUnlockState();
-    placeInitialStructures();
 }
 
 void Simulation::initializeUnlockState()

src/lib/sim/Simulation.h

@@ -165,6 +165,11 @@ private:
 
     BuildingId allocateBuildingId();  // Strictly increasing; never returns kInvalidBuildingId.
 
+    // (Re-)create every owned subsystem. Shared by the constructor and reset();
+    // the construction order is load-bearing for determinism, so both paths must
+    // go through here. Only called before the first tick of a run.
+    void initializeSubsystems();
+
     // Populate HQ, player defence stations, and the first enemy station set.
     void placeInitialStructures();
 

src/lib/sim/ThreatCostCalculator.cpp

@@ -335,15 +335,7 @@ double calculateShipThreatCost(const ThreatCostTable& table,
                                const std::string& shipId,
                                const std::vector<PlacedModule>& modules)
 {
-    const ShipDef* shipDef = nullptr;
-    for (const ShipDef& d : config.ships.ships)
-    {
-        if (d.id == shipId)
-        {
-            shipDef = &d;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
+    const ShipDef* shipDef = config.ships.findShipDef(shipId);
     if (shipDef == nullptr)
     {
         return 0.0;
@@ -357,15 +349,7 @@ double calculateShipThreatCost(const ThreatCostTable& table,
     // Add module production times and material threats.
     for (const PlacedModule& pm : modules)
     {
-        const ModuleDef* moduleDef = nullptr;
-        for (const ModuleDef& d : config.modules.modules)
-        {
-            if (d.id == pm.moduleId)
-            {
-                moduleDef = &d;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+        const ModuleDef* moduleDef = config.modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
         if (moduleDef == nullptr)
         {
             continue;

src/test/ArtifactWinConditionTest.cpp

@@ -11,11 +11,7 @@
 #include "Simulation.h"
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "StationBodyComponent.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 static void killEnemyStations(Simulation& sim)
 {
@@ -51,7 +47,7 @@ static int findArtifactChoiceIndex(const Simulation& sim)
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: artifact_chance_formula and artifact_win_count are loaded",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     CHECK(cfg.world.artifacts.artifactWinCount == 3);
     // 0.05 * x at x=2 should be 0.1
     CHECK(cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula.evaluate(2.0) == Approx(0.1));
@@ -64,7 +60,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: artifact_chance_formula and artifact_win_count
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: artifact count is 0 and isWon is false at game start",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     CHECK(sim.getArtifactCount() == 0);
     CHECK_FALSE(sim.isWon());
 }
@@ -76,7 +72,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: artifact count is 0 and isWon is false at game
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: artifact option appears when chance formula returns 1",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("1");
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));
 
@@ -95,7 +91,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: artifact option appears when chance formula ret
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: at most 2 schematic options accompany the artifact",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("1");
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));
 
@@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: at most 2 schematic options accompany the artif
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: no artifact option when chance formula returns 0",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("0");
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));
 
@@ -133,7 +129,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: no artifact option when chance formula returns
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: selecting artifact increments artifact count",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("1");
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));
 
@@ -151,7 +147,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: selecting artifact increments artifact count",
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: selecting a non-artifact option does not increment artifact count",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("1");
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));
 
@@ -176,7 +172,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: selecting a non-artifact option does not increm
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: isWon becomes true when artifact count reaches win count",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("1");
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactWinCount = 1;
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: isWon becomes true when artifact count reaches
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: isWon stays false when artifact count is below win count",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("1");
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactWinCount = 2;
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));
@@ -212,7 +208,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: isWon stays false when artifact count is below
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: isWon becomes true after collecting required number of artifacts",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("1");
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactWinCount = 2;
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));
@@ -237,7 +233,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: isWon becomes true after collecting required nu
 TEST_CASE("ArtifactWinCondition: reset clears artifact count and win state",
           "[artifact_win]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactChanceFormula = Formula::compile("1");
     cfg.world.artifacts.artifactWinCount = 1;
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg));

src/test/BehaviorSystemTest.cpp

@@ -45,16 +45,12 @@
 #include "ShipLayout.h"
 #include "ShipSystem.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Fixture
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-
 struct Fixture
 {
     GameConfig     cfg;
@@ -75,7 +71,7 @@ struct Fixture
     std::vector<BeamFiredEvent> beamEvents;
 
     explicit Fixture()
-        : cfg(loadConfig())
+        : cfg(loadTestConfig())
         , belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps)
         , nextBuildingId(1)
         , stock(0)

src/test/BlueprintTest.cpp

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "SurfaceMask.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Helpers that mirror the production implementations under test.
@@ -147,11 +148,6 @@ static void applyRotationCCW(Blueprint& bp, const GameConfig& cfg)
     }
 }
 
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-
 // Mirrors BlueprintPanel::createBlueprintFromSelection's player-placeable filter:
 // building types absent from buildings.toml (HQ, stations) or with playerPlaceable=false
 // are silently excluded before the bounding-box center and offsets are computed.
@@ -312,7 +308,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: non-axis-aligned offset rotates correctly", "[blueprint]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint: CW constellation rotation updates offset and building rotation", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     // Building one tile to the right, facing East.
     Blueprint bp;
     bp.name = "test";
@@ -332,7 +328,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: CW constellation rotation updates offset and building rota
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint: CCW constellation rotation updates offset and building rotation", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     Blueprint bp;
     bp.name = "test";
     BlueprintBuilding bb;
@@ -351,7 +347,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: CCW constellation rotation updates offset and building rot
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint: four CW rotations restore offset and building rotation", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     Blueprint bp;
     bp.name = "test";
     BlueprintBuilding bb;
@@ -371,7 +367,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: four CW rotations restore offset and building rotation", "
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint: multi-building constellation rotates symmetrically CW", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     // Two buildings left and right of center; after CW they should be above and below.
     Blueprint bp;
     bp.name = "test";
@@ -398,7 +394,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: multi-building constellation rotates symmetrically CW", "[
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint: CW rotation keeps belt adjacent to miner output port", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
 
     // East miner: anchor (0,0), body cells (0,0),(1,0),(0,1).
     // Output port indicator '>' at (1,1) → port tile (1,1), direction East.
@@ -436,7 +432,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: CW rotation keeps belt adjacent to miner output port", "[b
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint: CCW rotation keeps belt adjacent to miner output port", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
 
     Blueprint bp;
     bp.name = "test";
@@ -473,7 +469,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: CCW rotation keeps belt adjacent to miner output port", "[
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: non-player-placeable building alone yields empty blueprint",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
 
     // Hq has no entry in buildings.toml, so it is treated as non-player-placeable.
     const BuildingSpec hq{ QPoint(-5, 0), {QPoint(-5, 0)}, BuildingType::Hq, Rotation::East };
@@ -485,7 +481,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: non-player-placeable building alone yields empty
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: mixed selection keeps only player-placeable buildings",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
 
     const BuildingSpec belt{ QPoint(-5, 0), {QPoint(-5, 0)}, BuildingType::Belt, Rotation::East };
     const BuildingSpec hq  { QPoint(-3, 0), {QPoint(-3, 0)}, BuildingType::Hq,   Rotation::East };
@@ -498,7 +494,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: mixed selection keeps only player-placeable build
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: bounding box ignores non-player-placeable buildings",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
 
     // Belt at (-5, 0).  HQ at (-3, 0) — excluded from the blueprint.
     // If HQ were included: bboxX = [-5, -3], center.x = -4, belt offset = -1.
@@ -520,7 +516,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: buildings land at anchor + offset from cursor",
     // Simulate placing a two-belt blueprint with offsets (-1, 0) and (+1, 0)
     // at cursor tile (-5, 0).  Expected anchors: (-6, 0) and (-4, 0).
     // (Belt surface_mask ["A>"] — body at relative (0,0), port at (1,0).)
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     const QPoint cursor(-5, 0);
     const QPoint offsetA(-1, 0);
@@ -540,7 +536,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: buildings land at anchor + offset from cursor",
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: cost is deducted for each building in sequence", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     // Find belt cost from config (belt cost = 2 in test config).
     int beltCost = 0;
@@ -563,7 +559,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: cost is deducted for each building in sequence",
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: insufficient blocks returns kInvalidBuildingId and deducts nothing",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     // Find miner cost (15 in test config) — expensive enough to exhaust a small stock.
     int minerCost = 0;
@@ -594,7 +590,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: insufficient blocks returns kInvalidBuildingId a
 TEST_CASE("Simulation: tryPlaceBuilding rejects terrain-invalid placement and charges nothing",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     const int startBlocks = sim.getBuildingBlocksStock();
 
     // A miner is all-asteroid; placing it in space (x >= 0) violates the terrain
@@ -610,7 +606,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Simulation: tryPlaceBuilding rejects terrain-invalid placement and ch
 TEST_CASE("Simulation: tryPlaceBuilding accepts a valid asteroid spot, occupies tiles, charges cost",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     int minerCost = 0;
     for (const BuildingDef& def : sim.getConfig().buildings.buildings)
@@ -663,7 +659,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: building with no recipe has empty recipeId", "[blueprint]"
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: setRecipe on construction site stores recipe", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     // Miner body cells: (0,0),(1,0),(0,1) — all at x < 0, valid for asteroid.
     const BuildingId id = SimulationTestAccess::place(sim,BuildingType::Miner, QPoint(-2, 0), Rotation::East).value();
@@ -679,7 +675,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: setRecipe on construction site stores recipe", "
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: recipe transfers to building after construction completes",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     const BuildingId id = SimulationTestAccess::place(sim,BuildingType::Miner, QPoint(-2, 0), Rotation::East).value();
     REQUIRE(id != kInvalidBuildingId);
@@ -705,7 +701,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: recipe transfers to building after construction
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: a construction site is captured", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     // Freshly placed → a ConstructionSite (not ticked to completion). A 1x1 belt keeps
     // the body-cell bounding-box centered on the anchor, so a single site → zero offset.
@@ -724,7 +720,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: a construction site is captured", "[blueprint]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: a construction site's recipe is captured", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     const BuildingId id =
         SimulationTestAccess::place(sim, BuildingType::Miner, QPoint(-2, 0), Rotation::East).value();
@@ -740,7 +736,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: a construction site's recipe is captured", "[blue
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: mixed operational building and construction site are both captured",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     // Building A: place, configure, and tick to completion so it is operational.
     const BuildingId idA =
@@ -772,7 +768,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: mixed operational building and construction site
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint creation: selectionHasPlaceableBuilding sees a construction site", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     REQUIRE_FALSE(selectionHasPlaceableBuilding(sim, {}));
 
@@ -787,7 +783,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: interceptor schematic is unlocked at game start"
 {
     // "interceptor" has unlock_at_station_level = -1 in the test config.
     // This confirms the guard in placeBlueprintAtTile passes for start-unlocked schematics.
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE(sim.isSchematicUnlocked("interceptor"));
 }
 
@@ -796,7 +792,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: repair_ship schematic is locked at game start",
     // "repair_ship" has unlock_at_station_level = 0 in the test config.
     // This confirms the guard in placeBlueprintAtTile blocks locked schematics,
     // leaving the shipyard's schematic unset.
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.isSchematicUnlocked("repair_ship"));
 }
 
@@ -842,7 +838,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint: building without layout has nullopt shipLayout", "[bluepri
 
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: setShipLayout on construction site stores layout", "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     // Shipyard surface_mask ["AAAS>","AAAS "] with Rotation::East:
     // A-tiles at (-3,0),(-2,0),(-1,0),(-3,1),(-2,1),(-1,1) — all x < 0, valid asteroid tiles.
@@ -869,7 +865,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: setShipLayout on construction site stores layout
 TEST_CASE("Blueprint placement: ship layout transfers to building after construction completes",
           "[blueprint]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     const BuildingId id = SimulationTestAccess::place(sim,BuildingType::Shipyard, QPoint(-3, 0), Rotation::East).value();
     REQUIRE(id != kInvalidBuildingId);

src/test/BuildingConfigTest.cpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "ShipsConfig.h"
 #include "Simulation.h"
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // readBuildingConfig underpins the copy-settings gesture (REQ-BLD-COPY-CONFIG):
 // it extracts a building's recipe / schematic / layout / splitter filters so they
@@ -21,11 +22,6 @@
 
 namespace
 {
-GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-
 const BuildingDef* findDef(const GameConfig& cfg, BuildingType type)
 {
     for (const BuildingDef& def : cfg.buildings.buildings)
@@ -66,8 +62,8 @@ const ShipDef* findAvailableSchematic(const GameConfig& cfg)
 
 TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig returns a miner's selected recipe", "[copyconfig]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 7);
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 7);
 
     const BuildingId id = placeOperational(sim, cfg, BuildingType::Miner, QPoint(0, 0));
     SimulationTestAccess::buildings(sim).setRecipe(id, "mine_iron_ore");
@@ -84,8 +80,8 @@ TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig returns a miner's selected recipe", "[copyconfig]"
 TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig leaves recipe unset when nothing is selected",
           "[copyconfig]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 7);
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 7);
 
     const BuildingId id = placeOperational(sim, cfg, BuildingType::Assembler, QPoint(0, 0));
 
@@ -99,8 +95,8 @@ TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig leaves recipe unset when nothing is selected",
 TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig returns a shipyard's schematic and layout",
           "[copyconfig]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 7);
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 7);
 
     const ShipDef* schematic = findAvailableSchematic(cfg);
     REQUIRE(schematic != nullptr);
@@ -119,8 +115,8 @@ TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig returns a shipyard's schematic and layout",
 
 TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig reads a queued construction site", "[copyconfig]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 7);
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 7);
 
     // A placed miner enters the construction queue as a site (not yet operational).
     const BuildingId id =
@@ -140,6 +136,6 @@ TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig reads a queued construction site", "[copyconfig]")
 
 TEST_CASE("readBuildingConfig returns nullopt for an unknown id", "[copyconfig]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 7);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 7);
     CHECK_FALSE(readBuildingConfig(sim, kInvalidBuildingId).has_value());
 }

src/test/BuildingTest.cpp

@@ -19,16 +19,12 @@
 #include "Port.h"
 #include "Rotation.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Fixture helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-
 static Item makeItem(const std::string& id)
 {
     Item item;
@@ -86,7 +82,7 @@ static std::vector<Item> outputSideItems(const Building& b)
 // Owns a BuildingSystem and its dependencies for placement-bounds tests.
 struct PlacementFixture
 {
-    GameConfig     cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig     cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem     belts{cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps};
     int            stock = 0;
     std::mt19937   rng{0};
@@ -110,7 +106,7 @@ struct PlacementFixture
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: place miner occupies expected body tiles", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -218,7 +214,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: isPlacementValid enforces terrain and world bounds",
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: placing a belt registers it with BeltSystem after construction",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -247,7 +243,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: placing a belt registers it with BeltSystem after con
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: placed building enters construction queue", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -289,7 +285,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: deconstructing a construction site removes it instant
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: first queued building starts construction immediately",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -307,7 +303,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: first queued building starts construction immediately
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: second queued building waits (completesAt == 0)", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -329,7 +325,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: second queued building waits (completesAt == 0)", "[b
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: construction completes after configured duration", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -495,7 +491,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: splitter filters survive a queue/un-queue round-trip"
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: second building starts after first completes", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -525,7 +521,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: second building starts after first completes", "[buil
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: miner produces iron_ore after recipe duration", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -558,7 +554,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: miner produces iron_ore after recipe duration", "[bui
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: miner output buffer stalls when full", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -598,7 +594,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: miner output buffer stalls when full", "[building]")
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: productionBuildingCount excludes construction sites", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -638,7 +634,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: productionBuildingCount excludes construction sites",
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: activeProductionBuildingCount tracks production cycle state",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -679,7 +675,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: activeProductionBuildingCount tracks production cycle
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: smelter input buffer fills from adjacent west-flowing belt",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     // Fast belt so items are immediately available for peek/take.
     BeltSystem belts(static_cast<double>(kTickRateHz));
     int stock = 0;
@@ -722,7 +718,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: smelter input buffer fills from adjacent west-flowing
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: accepted input travels inward before entering the buffer",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(static_cast<double>(kTickRateHz));  // fast belt: 1 tile/tick
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -763,7 +759,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: accepted input travels inward before entering the buf
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: input reservation caps buffered plus in-transit at the cap",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(static_cast<double>(kTickRateHz));  // fast belt
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -805,7 +801,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: input reservation caps buffered plus in-transit at th
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: smelter auto-smelts ore without a recipe selection",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(static_cast<double>(kTickRateHz));
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -851,7 +847,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: smelter auto-smelts ore without a recipe selection",
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: smelter runs a satisfiable recipe while an incomplete batch waits",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(static_cast<double>(kTickRateHz));
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -905,7 +901,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: smelter runs a satisfiable recipe while an incomplete
 
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: miner output buffer drains onto adjacent belt", "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(static_cast<double>(kTickRateHz));
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -944,7 +940,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: miner output buffer drains onto adjacent belt", "[bui
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: output port couples directly into an adjacent input port",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -984,7 +980,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: output port couples directly into an adjacent input p
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: direct coupling to a non-consumer leaves the item stuck",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1023,7 +1019,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: direct coupling to a non-consumer leaves the item stu
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: setRecipe clears output buffer and active production",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(static_cast<double>(kTickRateHz));
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1066,7 +1062,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: setRecipe clears output buffer and active production"
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: reprocessing plant output buffer capacity equals max output per roll",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1097,7 +1093,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: reprocessing plant output buffer capacity equals max
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: reprocessing plant produces one cycle output then stalls",
           "[building]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(static_cast<double>(kTickRateHz));
     int stock = 0;
     // Seed chosen so first roll produces 2-item output (iron_ingot), filling buffer.
@@ -1156,7 +1152,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: reprocessing plant produces one cycle output then sta
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns nullopt when tile is empty",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1175,7 +1171,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns nullopt when tile is
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns the site id for a queued belt (same type, different rotation)",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1198,7 +1194,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns the site id for a que
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns the building id for a completed operational belt",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1225,7 +1221,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns the building id for a
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns nullopt when building type differs",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1247,7 +1243,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns nullopt when building
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget never rotates a tunnel in place",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1273,7 +1269,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget never rotates a tunnel in pla
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns nullopt when footprints only partially overlap",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1297,7 +1293,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget returns nullopt when footprin
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget works for a symmetric multi-tile building with rotated ghost",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1326,7 +1322,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: findRotateInPlaceTarget works for a symmetric multi-t
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: rotateInPlace updates the rotation field of a construction site",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1349,7 +1345,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: rotateInPlace updates the rotation field of a constru
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: rotateInPlace preserves the construction progress of a queued site",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1373,7 +1369,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: rotateInPlace preserves the construction progress of
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: rotateInPlace updates rotation and output port direction on an operational building",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);
@@ -1404,7 +1400,7 @@ TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: rotateInPlace updates rotation and output port direct
 TEST_CASE("BuildingSystem: rotateInPlace re-registers a belt tile with BeltSystem so it still accepts items",
           "[building][rotate-in-place]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     BeltSystem belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps);
     int stock = 0;
     std::mt19937 rng(0);

src/test/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 add_files(
     TEST_FILES
 
+    TestConfig.h
+
     test.cpp
     FormulaTest.cpp
     ConfigLoaderTest.cpp

src/test/CombatSystemTest.cpp

@@ -22,11 +22,7 @@
 #include "StationBodyComponent.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
 #include "WeaponComponent.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 static const ShipDef* findCombatShip(const GameConfig& cfg)
 {
@@ -64,7 +60,7 @@ struct CombatFixture
     CombatSystem combat;
 
     explicit CombatFixture()
-        : cfg(loadConfig())
+        : cfg(loadTestConfig())
         , rng(42)
         , nextBuildingId(1)
         , belts(cfg.world.beltSpeed_tps)
@@ -178,7 +174,7 @@ TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: no fire when target is out of range", "[combat]")
 
 TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: player station fires at enemy ship in range", "[combat]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     // Find the player station entity via ECS.
     entt::entity stationEntity = entt::null;
@@ -217,7 +213,7 @@ TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: player station fires at enemy ship in range", "[combat]
 
 TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: enemy station fires at player ship in range", "[combat]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     entt::entity stationEntity = entt::null;
     QVector2D stationCenter;
@@ -255,7 +251,7 @@ TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: enemy station fires at player ship in range", "[combat]
 
 TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: player ship fires at enemy station in range", "[combat]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     entt::entity stationEntity = entt::null;
     QVector2D stationCenter;
@@ -388,7 +384,7 @@ TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: damage still applied if shooter already dead", "[combat
 
 TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: dead ship is removed after tick step 9", "[combat]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     const ShipDef* combatDef = findCombatShip(sim.getConfig());
     REQUIRE(combatDef != nullptr);
@@ -405,7 +401,7 @@ TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: dead ship is removed after tick step 9", "[combat]")
 
 TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: scrap is spawned on ship death", "[combat]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     // Scrap dropped on death is derived from the ship's as-built threat cost
     // (REQ-RES-DEBRIS-DROP): round(threat * scrap_per_threat). The interceptor's
@@ -424,7 +420,7 @@ TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: scrap is spawned on ship death", "[combat]")
 
 TEST_CASE("CombatSystem: HQ death sets game over", "[combat]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     // Damage the HQ proxy entity (has HqProxy + Health).
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<HqProxyComponent, HealthComponent>(

src/test/CommandTest.cpp

@@ -11,14 +11,7 @@
 #include "Simulation.h"
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
-
-namespace
-{
-GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-}  // namespace
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // The command chokepoint (Simulation::apply) must produce exactly the same state
 // as driving the underlying mutators directly — that equivalence is what lets a
@@ -26,8 +19,8 @@ GameConfig loadConfig()
 
 TEST_CASE("apply(PlaceBuildingCommand) matches direct placement", "[command]")
 {
-    Simulation viaCommand(loadConfig(), 99);
-    Simulation viaDirect(loadConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaCommand(loadTestConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaDirect(loadTestConfig(), 99);
 
     PlaceBuildingCommand command;
     command.type     = BuildingType::Miner;
@@ -42,8 +35,8 @@ TEST_CASE("apply(PlaceBuildingCommand) matches direct placement", "[command]")
 
 TEST_CASE("apply(PlaceBuildingCommand) with recipe matches place-then-setRecipe", "[command]")
 {
-    Simulation viaCommand(loadConfig(), 99);
-    Simulation viaDirect(loadConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaCommand(loadTestConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaDirect(loadTestConfig(), 99);
 
     PlaceBuildingCommand command;
     command.type     = BuildingType::Miner;
@@ -61,8 +54,8 @@ TEST_CASE("apply(PlaceBuildingCommand) with recipe matches place-then-setRecipe"
 
 TEST_CASE("apply(DeconstructCommand) matches direct deconstruct", "[command]")
 {
-    Simulation viaCommand(loadConfig(), 99);
-    Simulation viaDirect(loadConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaCommand(loadTestConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaDirect(loadTestConfig(), 99);
 
     const BuildingId idA =
         SimulationTestAccess::place(viaCommand, BuildingType::Miner, QPoint(-3, 0), Rotation::East).value();
@@ -81,8 +74,8 @@ TEST_CASE("apply(DeconstructCommand) matches direct deconstruct", "[command]")
 
 TEST_CASE("apply(CancelDeconstructionCommand) matches direct cancelDeconstruction", "[command]")
 {
-    Simulation viaCommand(loadConfig(), 99);
-    Simulation viaDirect(loadConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaCommand(loadTestConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaDirect(loadTestConfig(), 99);
 
     const BuildingId idA =
         SimulationTestAccess::place(viaCommand, BuildingType::Miner, QPoint(-3, 0), Rotation::East).value();
@@ -110,8 +103,8 @@ TEST_CASE("apply(CancelDeconstructionCommand) matches direct cancelDeconstructio
 
 TEST_CASE("CommandManager drains queued commands in FIFO order through apply", "[command]")
 {
-    Simulation viaManager(loadConfig(), 99);
-    Simulation viaDirect(loadConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaManager(loadTestConfig(), 99);
+    Simulation viaDirect(loadTestConfig(), 99);
 
     CommandManager manager(viaManager);
 

src/test/DeterminismTest.cpp

@@ -11,14 +11,10 @@
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "StateChecksum.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 namespace
 {
-GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-
 constexpr int kScriptTicks = 2000;
 
 // Runs a fixed scripted session and returns the full-state checksum after every
@@ -26,7 +22,7 @@ constexpr int kScriptTicks = 2000;
 // otherwise lets waves/combat run so the RNG stream and ECS state are exercised.
 std::vector<std::uint64_t> runScriptedSession(unsigned int seed)
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), seed);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), seed);
 
     // Tick 0: a miner feeding a short belt line on the asteroid.
     SimulationTestAccess::place(sim, BuildingType::Miner, QPoint(-3, 0), Rotation::East);
@@ -121,8 +117,8 @@ TEST_CASE("fingerprintRng: equal states match, advanced states differ", "[determ
 
 TEST_CASE("Simulation::rngFingerprint is stable for equal seeds", "[determinism]")
 {
-    const Simulation a(loadConfig(), 777);
-    const Simulation b(loadConfig(), 777);
+    const Simulation a(loadTestConfig(), 777);
+    const Simulation b(loadTestConfig(), 777);
 
     REQUIRE(a.getRngFingerprint() == b.getRngFingerprint());
 }

src/test/ModuleConfigTest.cpp

@@ -2,11 +2,7 @@
 
 #include "ConfigLoader.h"
 #include "ModulesConfig.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 static const ModuleDef* findModule(const GameConfig& cfg, const std::string& id)
 {
@@ -28,7 +24,7 @@ static const ModuleStatModifier* findModifier(const ModuleDef& def, const std::s
 
 TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: loadModules parses modules.toml", "[config][modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     REQUIRE(cfg.modules.modules.size() >= 2);
 
     const ModuleDef& armor = cfg.modules.modules[0];
@@ -49,7 +45,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: loadModules parses modules.toml", "[config][modules]")
 
 TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: loadModules parses additive modifiers", "[config][modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     REQUIRE(cfg.modules.modules.size() >= 2);
 
     const ModuleDef& sensor = cfg.modules.modules[1];
@@ -62,7 +58,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: loadModules parses additive modifiers", "[config][modul
 
 TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: multiplicative modifier with unit suffix is parsed (weapon_primer)", "[config][modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ModuleDef* primer = findModule(cfg, "weapon_primer");
     REQUIRE(primer != nullptr);
     REQUIRE(primer->statModifiers.size() == 1);
@@ -74,7 +70,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: multiplicative modifier with unit suffix is parsed (wea
 
 TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: weapon_stabilizer parses two multiplicative weapon modifiers", "[config][modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ModuleDef* stab = findModule(cfg, "weapon_stabilizer");
     REQUIRE(stab != nullptr);
     REQUIRE(stab->statModifiers.size() == 2);
@@ -92,7 +88,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: weapon_stabilizer parses two multiplicative weapon modi
 
 TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: afterburner parses multiplicative speed and additive main_acceleration", "[config][modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ModuleDef* ab = findModule(cfg, "afterburner");
     REQUIRE(ab != nullptr);
     REQUIRE(ab->statModifiers.size() == 2);
@@ -110,7 +106,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: afterburner parses multiplicative speed and additive ma
 
 TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: maneuvering_thrusters parses multiplicative speed and additive maneuvering_acceleration", "[config][modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ModuleDef* mt = findModule(cfg, "maneuvering_thrusters");
     REQUIRE(mt != nullptr);
     REQUIRE(mt->statModifiers.size() == 2);
@@ -128,7 +124,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: maneuvering_thrusters parses multiplicative speed and a
 
 TEST_CASE("ConfigLoader: loadShips parses layout field", "[config][ships]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     REQUIRE(!cfg.ships.ships.empty());
 
     const ShipDef& ship = cfg.ships.ships[0];

src/test/RecipeSchematicTest.cpp

@@ -12,11 +12,7 @@
 #include "Simulation.h"
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "StationBodyComponent.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // Zeros the HP of both enemy defence stations and advances one tick so that
 // tickDeathsAndLoot fires, triggering the push and schematic choices.
@@ -62,7 +58,7 @@ static bool awaitRecipeUnlock(Simulation& sim, const std::string& recipeId,
 
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: unlocked_at_start = true parsed correctly", "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const auto it = std::find_if(cfg.recipes.recipes.begin(), cfg.recipes.recipes.end(),
         [](const RecipeDef& r) { return r.id == "premium_circuit"; });
     REQUIRE(it != cfg.recipes.recipes.end());
@@ -71,7 +67,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: unlocked_at_start = true parsed correctly", "[recipe
 
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: a gated recipe is granted by an unlock group", "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const bool granted = std::any_of(cfg.unlocks.groups.begin(), cfg.unlocks.groups.end(),
         [](const UnlockGroupDef& g)
         {
@@ -82,7 +78,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: a gated recipe is granted by an unlock group", "[rec
 
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: an untagged assembler recipe has unlocked_at_start = false", "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const auto it = std::find_if(cfg.recipes.recipes.begin(), cfg.recipes.recipes.end(),
         [](const RecipeDef& r) { return r.id == "circuit_board"; });
     REQUIRE(it != cfg.recipes.recipes.end());
@@ -96,21 +92,21 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: an untagged assembler recipe has unlocked_at_start =
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: recipe with unlock_at_station_level = -1 is unlocked at game start",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("premium_circuit"));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: recipe with unlock_at_station_level = 0 is locked at game start",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("quick_circuit"));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: recipe with unlock_at_station_level = 1 is locked at game start",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("advanced_circuit"));
 }
 
@@ -123,7 +119,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: -1 recipe seeds its output item into the implicit un
 {
     // premium_circuit is not needed by any ship or module schematic, so it can
     // only reach the implicit set via the -1 recipe seed in Phase 1.
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE(sim.isItemUnlocked("premium_circuit"));
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +128,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: -1 recipe's inputs are in the implicit unlock set",
 {
     // premium_circuit takes circuit_board as input; that item was already
     // implicitly unlocked by ship schematics, so it must remain unlocked.
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE(sim.isItemUnlocked("circuit_board"));
 }
 
@@ -142,7 +138,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: locked recipe's unique input is not in the implicit
     // exotic_alloy has unlock_at_station_level = 0 (locked at start) and takes
     // exotic_ore as input. exotic_ore is only reachable through this locked
     // recipe, so it must not appear in the implicit set.
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.isItemUnlocked("exotic_ore"));
 }
 
@@ -152,7 +148,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: locked recipe's output item is not in the implicit u
     // exotic_alloy is produced only by the locked recipe of the same name and
     // is not needed by any schematic, so neither the item nor the recipe should
     // be unlocked at game start.
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.isItemUnlocked("exotic_alloy"));
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("exotic_alloy"));
 }
@@ -162,7 +158,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: normal implicit unlock is unaffected for untagged as
 {
     // circuit_board carries no unlock_at_station_level and is needed by ships
     // that start unlocked, so it must still be implicitly unlocked.
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("circuit_board"));
 }
 
@@ -176,7 +172,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: eligible recipe schematic is eventually awarded on s
     // quick_circuit has unlock_at_station_level = 0 and produces circuit_board
     // (already implicitly unlocked), so it is eligible from the first station
     // destruction. With up to 150 trials it must be awarded at least once.
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE(awaitRecipeUnlock(sim, "quick_circuit"));
 }
 
@@ -185,7 +181,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: an implicitly-gated recipe with no unlock group is n
 {
     // exotic_alloy is in no unlock group and its output/inputs are unreachable
     // via the item graph, so it can never be dropped or implicitly unlocked.
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     for (int i = 0; i < 50; ++i)
     {
         killEnemyStationsAndApply(sim);
@@ -198,7 +194,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: recipe with level > destroyed station level is not a
 {
     // advanced_circuit has unlock_at_station_level = 1. Destroying a single
     // level-0 station set must not award it regardless of the RNG outcome.
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     killEnemyStationsAndApply(sim);
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("advanced_circuit"));
 }
@@ -208,14 +204,14 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: recipe with higher level is awarded once eligible st
 {
     // After enough destructions to pass station level 1, advanced_circuit must
     // eventually be awarded.
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE(awaitRecipeUnlock(sim, "advanced_circuit", 300));
 }
 
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: awarded recipe schematic stays unlocked and is not awarded again",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     awaitRecipeUnlock(sim, "quick_circuit");
     REQUIRE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("quick_circuit"));
 
@@ -231,7 +227,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: awarded recipe schematic stays unlocked and is not a
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: recipe schematic can appear in pending choices",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     bool foundRecipeChoice = false;
     for (int i = 0; i < 150 && !foundRecipeChoice; ++i)
@@ -260,7 +256,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: recipe schematic can appear in pending choices",
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: reset re-locks a previously awarded recipe schematic",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     awaitRecipeUnlock(sim, "quick_circuit");
     REQUIRE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("quick_circuit"));
 
@@ -272,7 +268,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: reset re-locks a previously awarded recipe schematic
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: reset keeps -1 recipes unlocked and their seed items accessible",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     sim.reset();
 
     REQUIRE(sim.isRecipeUnlocked("premium_circuit"));
@@ -286,7 +282,7 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: reset keeps -1 recipes unlocked and their seed items
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: newlyUnlockedRecipeIds is sorted, deduplicated, and empty for level-ups",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
     {
@@ -310,8 +306,8 @@ TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: newlyUnlockedRecipeIds is sorted, deduplicated, and
 TEST_CASE("RecipeSchematic: newlyUnlockedRecipeIds matches recipes that actually become unlocked",
           "[recipe_schematic]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
 
     auto unlockedTrackedRecipeIds = [&]()
     {
@@ -365,7 +361,7 @@ TEST_CASE("SchematicDrop: an owned ship schematic is never offered again",
 {
     // repair_ship has unlock_at_station_level = 0 in the test config, so it is
     // locked at start and becomes eligible once a station set is destroyed.
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.isSchematicUnlocked("repair_ship"));
 
     bool wasUnlocked = false;

src/test/ReplayPlaybackTest.cpp

@@ -16,14 +16,10 @@
 #include "ReplayRecorder.h"
 #include "Rotation.h"
 #include "Simulation.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 namespace
 {
-GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-
 std::string tempOutputDir()
 {
     return (QDir::tempPath() + "/dota_factory_replay_playback_test").toStdString();
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ TEST_CASE("a recorded run replays to byte-identical state with no desync", "[rep
     std::string replayPath;
     std::uint64_t recordedFinalChecksum = 0;
     {
-        Simulation rec(loadConfig(), seed);
+        Simulation rec(loadTestConfig(), seed);
         CommandManager manager(rec);
         std::unique_ptr<ReplayRecorder> recorder =
             std::make_unique<ReplayRecorder>(CONFIG_DIR, tempOutputDir());
@@ -179,7 +175,7 @@ TEST_CASE("a recorded run replays to byte-identical state with no desync", "[rep
     REQUIRE_FALSE(parsed->entries.empty());
 
     // --- Replay it. ---
-    Simulation play(loadConfig(), parsed->header.seed);
+    Simulation play(loadTestConfig(), parsed->header.seed);
     ReplayPlayer player(play, parsed->entries);
     player.start();
     while (!player.isFinished())
@@ -201,7 +197,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ReplayPlayer reports a desync when a checksum is corrupted", "[replay
 
     std::string replayPath;
     {
-        Simulation rec(loadConfig(), seed);
+        Simulation rec(loadTestConfig(), seed);
         CommandManager manager(rec);
         std::unique_ptr<ReplayRecorder> recorder =
             std::make_unique<ReplayRecorder>(CONFIG_DIR, tempOutputDir());
@@ -228,7 +224,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ReplayPlayer reports a desync when a checksum is corrupted", "[replay
     }
     REQUIRE(corrupted);
 
-    Simulation play(loadConfig(), parsed->header.seed);
+    Simulation play(loadTestConfig(), parsed->header.seed);
     ReplayPlayer player(play, parsed->entries);
     player.start();
     while (!player.isFinished())
@@ -250,7 +246,7 @@ TEST_CASE("a long recorded run (through waves and combat) replays with no desync
     std::string   replayPath;
     std::uint64_t recordedFinalChecksum = 0;
     {
-        Simulation rec(loadConfig(), seed);
+        Simulation rec(loadTestConfig(), seed);
         CommandManager manager(rec);
         std::unique_ptr<ReplayRecorder> recorder =
             std::make_unique<ReplayRecorder>(CONFIG_DIR, tempOutputDir());
@@ -275,7 +271,7 @@ TEST_CASE("a long recorded run (through waves and combat) replays with no desync
     const std::optional<ParsedReplay> parsed = readReplayFile(replayPath);
     REQUIRE(parsed.has_value());
 
-    Simulation play(loadConfig(), parsed->header.seed);
+    Simulation play(loadTestConfig(), parsed->header.seed);
     ReplayPlayer player(play, parsed->entries);
     player.start();
     while (!player.isFinished())

src/test/ReplayRecorderTest.cpp

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "GameConfig.h"
 #include "ReplayRecorder.h"
 #include "Simulation.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 namespace
 {
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ReplayRecorder writes a well-formed file", "[replay]")
 
 TEST_CASE("CommandManager records commands and an initial checksum on drain", "[replay]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR), 7u);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 7u);
     CommandManager manager(sim);
 
     std::unique_ptr<ReplayRecorder> recorder =
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ReplayRecorder startNewRun rolls to a new file", "[replay]")
 
 TEST_CASE("CommandManager rolls the replay file on a Reset command", "[replay]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR), 1u);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 1u);
     CommandManager manager(sim);
 
     std::unique_ptr<ReplayRecorder> recorder =
@@ -197,7 +198,7 @@ TEST_CASE("CommandManager rolls the replay file on a Reset command", "[replay]")
     const std::string firstPath = recorderPtr->getCurrentFilePath();
 
     std::shared_ptr<ResetCommand> reset = std::make_shared<ResetCommand>();
-    reset->config = std::make_shared<GameConfig>(ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR));
+    reset->config = std::make_shared<GameConfig>(loadTestConfig());
     reset->seed   = 999u;
     manager.enqueue(reset);
     manager.drain();

src/test/ShipModuleTest.cpp

@@ -22,11 +22,7 @@
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
 #include "WeaponComponent.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 static const ShipDef* findSchematic(const GameConfig& cfg, const std::string& id)
 {
@@ -108,7 +104,7 @@ static void fillMaterials(Simulation& sim, BuildingId yardId,
 
 TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: no modules leaves base stats unchanged", "[modules]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -123,7 +119,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: no modules leaves base stats unchanged", "[modules]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: multiplicative HP module applies correctly", "[modules]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -148,7 +144,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: multiplicative HP module applies correctly", "[modules]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: additive sensor module applies correctly", "[modules]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -173,7 +169,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: additive sensor module applies correctly", "[modules]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: multiple modules stack correctly", "[modules]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -206,7 +202,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: multiple modules stack correctly", "[modules]")
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: setShipLayout reinitializes buffers with module materials",
           "[modules][shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const BuildingDef* yardDef = findShipyardDef(sim.getConfig());
     REQUIRE(yardDef != nullptr);
 
@@ -233,7 +229,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Shipyard: setShipLayout reinitializes buffers with module materials",
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: setShipLayout cancels in-progress production",
           "[modules][shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
     const BuildingDef* yardDef = findShipyardDef(sim.getConfig());
@@ -269,7 +265,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Shipyard: setShipLayout cancels in-progress production",
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: builds a bare hull when no layout is configured",
           "[modules][shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
     // The schematic carries a weapon in its (wave-only) default loadout. This
@@ -312,7 +308,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Shipyard: builds a bare hull when no layout is configured",
 
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: setRecipe clears ship layout", "[modules][shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const BuildingDef* yardDef = findShipyardDef(sim.getConfig());
     REQUIRE(yardDef != nullptr);
 
@@ -341,7 +337,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Shipyard: setRecipe clears ship layout", "[modules][shipyard]")
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: setRecipe with unchanged recipe keeps ship layout",
           "[modules][shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const BuildingDef* yardDef = findShipyardDef(sim.getConfig());
     REQUIRE(yardDef != nullptr);
 
@@ -376,7 +372,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Shipyard: setRecipe with unchanged recipe keeps ship layout",
 
 TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: weapon_primer multiplies attack rate in simulation", "[modules]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -401,7 +397,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: weapon_primer multiplies attack rate in simulation", "[mo
 
 TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: weapon_stabilizer multiplies attack range in simulation", "[modules]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -428,7 +424,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: weapon_stabilizer multiplies attack range in simulation",
 
 TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: afterburner additive main_acceleration is converted m/s² to tiles/tick", "[modules]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -453,7 +449,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: afterburner additive main_acceleration is converted m/s²
 
 TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: maneuvering_thrusters additive maneuvering_acceleration is converted m/s² to tiles/tick", "[modules]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(sim.getConfig(), "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -482,7 +478,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Ship spawn: maneuvering_thrusters additive maneuvering_acceleration i
 
 TEST_CASE("calculateShipStats: weapon_primer multiplies attack rate in stats view", "[modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(cfg, "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -506,7 +502,7 @@ TEST_CASE("calculateShipStats: weapon_primer multiplies attack rate in stats vie
 
 TEST_CASE("calculateShipStats: weapon_stabilizer multiplies attack range in stats view", "[modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(cfg, "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -532,7 +528,7 @@ TEST_CASE("calculateShipStats: weapon_stabilizer multiplies attack range in stat
 
 TEST_CASE("calculateShipStats: afterburner additive main_acceleration is converted m/s² to tiles/s²", "[modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(cfg, "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 
@@ -556,7 +552,7 @@ TEST_CASE("calculateShipStats: afterburner additive main_acceleration is convert
 
 TEST_CASE("calculateShipStats: maneuvering_thrusters additive maneuvering_acceleration is converted m/s² to tiles/s²", "[modules]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ShipDef* def = findSchematic(cfg, "interceptor");
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
 

src/test/ShipTest.cpp

@@ -29,11 +29,7 @@
 #include "ShipSystem.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
 #include "WeaponComponent.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Helpers
@@ -91,7 +87,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: interceptor spawn has weapon child and attack behavior, n
           "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const entt::entity e = ss.spawn("interceptor", QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f));
@@ -115,7 +111,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: interceptor spawn has weapon child and attack behavior, n
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: enemy combat ship has no rally or retreat behavior", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const entt::entity e = ss.spawn("interceptor", QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f), /*isEnemy=*/true);
@@ -129,7 +125,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: enemy combat ship has no rally or retreat behavior", "[sh
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: setRetreatEnabled(false) suppresses player retreat behavior", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
     ss.setRetreatEnabled(false);
 
@@ -144,7 +140,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: setRetreatEnabled(false) suppresses player retreat behavi
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: interceptor level 1 stats match config formulas", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const entt::entity e = ss.spawn("interceptor", QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f));
@@ -166,7 +162,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: interceptor level 1 stats match config formulas", "[ship]
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: interceptor hp matches config value", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const entt::entity e = ss.spawn("interceptor", QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f));
@@ -178,7 +174,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: interceptor hp matches config value", "[ship]")
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: interceptor maxSpeed_tpt matches config value / tileSize / kTickRateHz", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const entt::entity e = ss.spawn("interceptor", QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f));
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: salvage_ship spawn with salvage module has cargo child an
           "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const ShipLayoutConfig layout = makeSingleModuleLayout("salvager");
@@ -212,7 +208,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: salvage_ship spawn with salvage module has cargo child an
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: salvage_ship cargo capacity matches config", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const ShipLayoutConfig layout = makeSingleModuleLayout("salvager");
@@ -237,7 +233,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: repair_ship spawn with repair module has repair child and
           "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const ShipLayoutConfig layout = makeSingleModuleLayout("repair_tool");
@@ -252,7 +248,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: repair_ship spawn with repair module has repair child and
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: repair_ship level 1 repair stats match config formulas", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const ShipLayoutConfig layout = makeSingleModuleLayout("repair_tool");
@@ -277,7 +273,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: repair_ship level 1 repair stats match config formulas",
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: spawned ships are valid entities", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const entt::entity e1 = ss.spawn("interceptor", QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f));
@@ -292,7 +288,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: spawned ships are valid entities", "[ship]")
 TEST_CASE("ShipSystem: despawn removes the ship and its weapon children", "[ship]")
 {
     EntityAdmin admin;
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     ShipSystem ss(cfg, admin);
 
     const entt::entity e  = ss.spawn("interceptor", QVector2D(0.0f, 0.0f));

src/test/ShipyardTest.cpp

@@ -16,11 +16,7 @@
 #include "Simulation.h"
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // A ship starts unlocked iff no unlock group grants it (REQ-LOCK-EXPLICIT).
 static bool startsUnlocked(const GameConfig& cfg, const std::string& shipId)
@@ -98,7 +94,7 @@ static void fillMaterials(Simulation& sim, BuildingId yardId, const ShipDef& def
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: spawns a player ship after production cycle completes",
           "[shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     const ShipDef* def = findAvailableSchematic(sim.getConfig());
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
@@ -143,7 +139,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Shipyard: spawns a player ship after production cycle completes",
 
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: does not spawn without a schematic set", "[shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     const BuildingDef* yardDef = findShipyardDef(sim.getConfig());
     REQUIRE(yardDef != nullptr);
@@ -159,7 +155,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Shipyard: does not spawn without a schematic set", "[shipyard]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: does not spawn with insufficient materials", "[shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     const ShipDef* def = findAvailableSchematic(sim.getConfig());
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);
@@ -183,7 +179,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Shipyard: does not spawn with insufficient materials", "[shipyard]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Shipyard: spawns a second ship after materials replenished", "[shipyard]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     const ShipDef* def = findAvailableSchematic(sim.getConfig());
     REQUIRE(def != nullptr);

src/test/SimulationTest.cpp

@@ -5,11 +5,7 @@
 #include "Simulation.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
 #include "TickDriver.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Simulation
@@ -17,14 +13,14 @@ static GameConfig loadConfig()
 
 TEST_CASE("Simulation::currentTick starts at 0", "[simulation]")
 {
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     REQUIRE(sim.getCurrentTick() == 0);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE("Simulation::tick increments currentTick by 1", "[simulation]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     sim.tick();
 
@@ -33,7 +29,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Simulation::tick increments currentTick by 1", "[simulation]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Simulation::tick 10 times yields currentTick == 10", "[simulation]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
     {
@@ -45,14 +41,14 @@ TEST_CASE("Simulation::tick 10 times yields currentTick == 10", "[simulation]")
 
 TEST_CASE("Simulation::drainBeamFiredEvents returns empty initially", "[simulation]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     REQUIRE(sim.drainBeamFiredEvents().empty());
 }
 
 TEST_CASE("Simulation::drainBeamFiredEvents clears queue on drain", "[simulation]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     // First drain: empty.
     sim.drainBeamFiredEvents();
@@ -63,7 +59,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Simulation::drainBeamFiredEvents clears queue on drain", "[simulation
 
 TEST_CASE("Simulation::hasSchematicChoicesPending returns false initially", "[simulation]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig());
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig());
 
     REQUIRE_FALSE(sim.hasSchematicChoicesPending());
 }

src/test/TestConfig.h

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "ConfigLoader.h"
+#include "GameConfig.h"
+
+// Loads the test fixture config set (CONFIG_DIR points at bin/test/data/config
+// for the test target). Shared by every test that needs a full GameConfig, so
+// the one-liner is not repeated per translation unit.
+//
+// Like SimulationTestAccess.h this header lives under src/test and is
+// deliberately off the lib/ui/app include path.
+inline GameConfig loadTestConfig()
+{
+    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
+}

src/test/ThreatCostCalculatorTest.cpp

@@ -2,15 +2,11 @@
 
 #include "ConfigLoader.h"
 #include "ThreatCostCalculator.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: miner item threat equals duration", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     CHECK(table.itemThreat.at("iron_ore") == Approx(1.0));
@@ -19,7 +15,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: miner item threat equals duration", "[threat]")
 
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: smelter item threat includes input costs", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     // iron_ingot: duration 2.0 + iron_ore(1.0) * 2 = 4.0
@@ -30,7 +26,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: smelter item threat includes input costs", "[th
 
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: assembler takes max across recipes", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     // circuit_board has three non-reprocessing recipes:
@@ -43,7 +39,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: assembler takes max across recipes", "[threat]"
 
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: scrap threat is 1 / scrap_per_threat", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     // REQ-THREAT-SCRAP: scrap threat is the constant 1 / world.scrap_per_threat.
@@ -54,7 +50,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: scrap threat is 1 / scrap_per_threat", "[threat
 
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: reprocessing-only item threat", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     // advanced_alloy: reprocessing recipe with scrap*5, duration 3.0, probability 0.1
@@ -64,7 +60,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: reprocessing-only item threat", "[threat]")
 
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: ship threat with default modules", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     // interceptor: 10 + iron_ingot(4)*3 + circuit_board(28)*1 + laser_cannon(5 + 4*1) = 59.0
@@ -80,7 +76,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: ship threat with default modules", "[threat]")
 
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: ship threat with custom modules", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     // interceptor base: 10 + iron_ingot(4)*3 + circuit_board(28)*1 = 50.0
@@ -101,7 +97,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: ship threat with custom modules", "[threat]")
 
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: unknown ship returns zero", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     double threat = calculateShipThreatCost(table, cfg, "nonexistent_ship", {});
@@ -113,7 +109,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: unknown ship returns zero", "[threat]")
 // be excluded. iron_ingot threat must not be inflated by the scrap path.
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: scrap-consuming recipe excluded when scrap-free recipe exists", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     // scrap_iron recipe: duration=1.0, 1 scrap (threat=1.0) -> 1 iron_ingot.
@@ -132,7 +128,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: scrap-consuming recipe excluded when scrap-free
 // Per-unit threat = (3.0 + iron_ore(1.0)*1) / 2 = 4.0 / 2 = 2.0.
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: per-unit division by output amount", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     CHECK(table.itemThreat.at("dual_wire") == Approx(2.0));
@@ -146,7 +142,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: per-unit division by output amount", "[threat]"
 // downstream_product = 2.0 + 80.0*1 = 82.0.
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: downstream-of-reprocessing item resolves via fixpoint", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     CHECK(table.itemThreat.at("advanced_alloy") == Approx(80.0));
@@ -161,7 +157,7 @@ TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: downstream-of-reprocessing item resolves via fi
 // expected threat = max(2.0, 29.0) = 29.0, not 2.0.
 TEST_CASE("ThreatCostCalculator: staggered recipes committed only when all computable", "[threat]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     const ThreatCostTable& table = cfg.threatCosts;
 
     CHECK(table.itemThreat.at("staggered_item") == Approx(29.0));

src/test/UnlockGroupTest.cpp

@@ -19,15 +19,11 @@
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "StationBodyComponent.h"
 #include "UnlocksConfig.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 namespace
 {
 
-GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-
 void killEnemyStations(Simulation& sim)
 {
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<StationBodyComponent, FactionComponent, HealthComponent>(
@@ -42,7 +38,7 @@ void killEnemyStations(Simulation& sim)
 // bay together, gated to the given station level.
 GameConfig configWithSalvageGroup(int stationLevel)
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.unlocks.groups.clear();
     cfg.unlocks.groups.push_back(
         UnlockGroupDef{"salvage_operations", stationLevel, {}, {}, {"salvager"}, {"salvage_bay"}, {}});

src/test/UnlockPrereqTest.cpp

@@ -22,15 +22,11 @@
 #include "SimulationTestAccess.h"
 #include "StationBodyComponent.h"
 #include "UnlocksConfig.h"
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 namespace
 {
 
-GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
-
 UnlockGroupDef& findGroup(GameConfig& cfg, const std::string& id)
 {
     for (UnlockGroupDef& group : cfg.unlocks.groups)
@@ -85,7 +81,7 @@ TEST_CASE("UnlockPrereq: a group gated behind a locked ship is withheld from the
     // quick_circuit (recipe group, level 0) would normally be eligible at the
     // first station destruction. Gate it behind the repair_ship group (level 0,
     // locked at game start).
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     findGroup(cfg, "quick_circuit").requiredGroupIds = {"repair_ship"};
 
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg), 123);
@@ -103,7 +99,7 @@ TEST_CASE("UnlockPrereq: a group gated behind a locked ship is withheld from the
 TEST_CASE("UnlockPrereq: the gated group becomes eligible once its prerequisite is awarded",
           "[unlock_prereq]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     findGroup(cfg, "quick_circuit").requiredGroupIds = {"repair_ship"};
 
     Simulation sim(std::move(cfg), 123);
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ TEST_CASE("UnlockPrereq: a module group gated behind another module is withheld
 {
     // Make laser_cannon and armor_plate (both start-unlocked in the test config)
     // lockable via new unlock groups, with armor_plate gated behind laser_cannon.
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     cfg.unlocks.groups.push_back(
         UnlockGroupDef{"laser_cannon", 0, {}, {}, {"laser_cannon"}, {}, {}});
     cfg.unlocks.groups.push_back(

src/test/WaveSystemTest.cpp

@@ -25,11 +25,7 @@
 #include "Tick.h"
 #include "ThreatCostCalculator.h"
 #include "WaveSystem.h"
-
-static GameConfig loadConfig()
-{
-    return ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(CONFIG_DIR);
-}
+#include "TestConfig.h"
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Threat accumulation
@@ -37,7 +33,7 @@ static GameConfig loadConfig()
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: threat accumulates at boss wave counter rate", "[wave]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     std::mt19937 rng(42);
     WaveSystem ws(cfg, rng);
 
@@ -55,7 +51,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: threat accumulates at boss wave counter rate", "[wave]")
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: threatAccumulationRate matches the rate formula outside quiet windows",
           "[wave]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     std::mt19937 rng(42);
     WaveSystem ws(cfg, rng);
 
@@ -65,7 +61,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: threatAccumulationRate matches the rate formula outside q
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: threatAccumulationRate is 0 during a quiet window", "[wave]")
 {
-    GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     // Start with the boss countdown already at the pre-boss quiet threshold.
     cfg.world.waves.bossCountdownSeconds = cfg.world.waves.bossQuietBeforeSeconds;
     std::mt19937 rng(42);
@@ -83,7 +79,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: threatAccumulationRate is 0 during a quiet window", "[wav
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: generation starts at 0 and increments on station destruction", "[wave]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
     std::mt19937 rng(42);
     WaveSystem ws(cfg, rng);
 
@@ -100,7 +96,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: generation starts at 0 and increments on station destruct
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: Simulation pre-places HQ + 2 player + 2 enemy stations", "[wave]")
 {
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     // HQ is still a Building (for belt integration).
     int hqCount = 0;
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: Simulation pre-places HQ + 2 player + 2 enemy stations",
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: HQ has correct initial HP from config", "[wave]")
 {
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     const float expectedHp =
         static_cast<float>(sim.getConfig().stations.hq.hpFormula.evaluate(0.0));
@@ -145,7 +141,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: HQ has correct initial HP from config", "[wave]")
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: HQ anchor is at asteroid right edge", "[wave]")
 {
-    const Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    const Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     for (const Building& b : sim.getBuildings().getAllBuildings())
     {
@@ -162,7 +158,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: HQ anchor is at asteroid right edge", "[wave]")
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: player stations have weapon set", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     int armedPlayerStations = 0;
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<WeaponComponent, ModuleOwnerComponent>(
@@ -183,7 +179,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: player stations have weapon set", "[wave]")
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: enemy stations have weapon set", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     int armedEnemyStations = 0;
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<WeaponComponent, ModuleOwnerComponent>(
@@ -208,7 +204,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: enemy stations have weapon set", "[wave]")
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: enemy ships spawn after the initial gap elapses", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     // The maximum gap is gapMaxSeconds = 45s → 1350 ticks.
     // Run 1500 ticks to guarantee at least one wave has triggered.
@@ -234,7 +230,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: enemy ships spawn after the initial gap elapses", "[wave]
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: all ships have positive dynamic threat cost", "[wave]")
 {
-    const GameConfig cfg = loadConfig();
+    const GameConfig cfg = loadTestConfig();
 
     for (const ShipDef& def : cfg.ships.ships)
     {
@@ -250,7 +246,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: all ships have positive dynamic threat cost", "[wave]")
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: destroying both enemy stations triggers a push", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     // Damage both enemy stations to 0.
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<StationBodyComponent, FactionComponent, HealthComponent>(
@@ -273,7 +269,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: destroying both enemy stations triggers a push", "[wave]"
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: push generates pending schematic choices", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<StationBodyComponent, FactionComponent, HealthComponent>(
         [](entt::entity /*e*/, const StationBodyComponent& /*sb*/, const FactionComponent& f, HealthComponent& h)
@@ -291,7 +287,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: push generates pending schematic choices", "[wave]")
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: push schematic choices have valid ids", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<StationBodyComponent, FactionComponent, HealthComponent>(
         [](entt::entity /*e*/, const StationBodyComponent& /*sb*/, const FactionComponent& f, HealthComponent& h)
@@ -339,7 +335,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: push schematic choices have valid ids", "[wave]")
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: schematic choices have no duplicates", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<StationBodyComponent, FactionComponent, HealthComponent>(
         [](entt::entity /*e*/, const StationBodyComponent& /*sb*/, const FactionComponent& f, HealthComponent& h)
@@ -359,7 +355,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: schematic choices have no duplicates", "[wave]")
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: applySchematicChoice clears pending and applies", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     sim.getAdmin().forEach<StationBodyComponent, FactionComponent, HealthComponent>(
         [](entt::entity /*e*/, const StationBodyComponent& /*sb*/, const FactionComponent& f, HealthComponent& h)
@@ -375,7 +371,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: applySchematicChoice clears pending and applies", "[wave]
 
 TEST_CASE("WaveSystem: push places new enemy stations further right", "[wave]")
 {
-    Simulation sim(loadConfig(), 42);
+    Simulation sim(loadTestConfig(), 42);
 
     // Record the X position of the initial enemy stations.
     int initialX = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();

src/ui/BuildButtonGrid.cpp

@@ -184,13 +184,12 @@ namespace
 
 BuildButtonGrid::BuildButtonGrid(Simulation* sim, const GameConfig* config,
                                  const std::string& iconDir,
-                                 const std::string& itemsIconDir, QWidget* parent)
+                                 ItemIconCache* itemIcons, QWidget* parent)
     : QWidget(parent)
     , m_sim(sim)
     , m_config(config)
     , m_iconDir(iconDir)
-    , m_itemIcons(std::make_unique<ItemIconCache>(
-          QString::fromStdString(itemsIconDir)))
+    , m_itemIcons(itemIcons)
 {
     QGridLayout* layout = new QGridLayout(this);
     layout->setSpacing(4);

src/ui/BuildButtonGrid.h

@@ -32,11 +32,12 @@ class BuildButtonGrid : public QWidget,
 
 public:
     // iconDir is the directory holding the per-building "<id>.svg" chip icons
-    // (REQ-UI-BUILD-GRID); itemsIconDir holds the per-item icons and supplies the
-    // building_block icon shown in each button's cost (REQ-UI-BUILD-COST). Both are
-    // read from disk at runtime, like the config files.
+    // (REQ-UI-BUILD-GRID), read from disk at runtime like the config files.
+    // itemIcons is the window-wide per-item icon cache and supplies the
+    // building_block icon shown in each button's cost (REQ-UI-BUILD-COST). Not
+    // owned; must outlive this widget.
     BuildButtonGrid(Simulation* sim, const GameConfig* config,
-                    const std::string& iconDir, const std::string& itemsIconDir,
+                    const std::string& iconDir, ItemIconCache* itemIcons,
                     QWidget* parent = nullptr);
     ~BuildButtonGrid() override;
 
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ private:
     Simulation*                      m_sim;
     const GameConfig*                m_config;
     std::string                      m_iconDir;
-    std::unique_ptr<ItemIconCache>   m_itemIcons;
+    ItemIconCache*                   m_itemIcons;  // Not owned; lives in MainWindow.
     std::vector<BuildingType>        m_types;
     std::vector<QPushButton*>        m_buttons;
     std::map<BuildingType, int>      m_costs;

src/ui/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ SET(HDRS
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/VisualsLoader.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/MainWindow.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ModalDimOverlay.h
+    ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/ModalPauseScope.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/GameWorldView.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/HeaderBar.h
     ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/BuildButtonGrid.h

src/ui/GameWorldView.cpp

@@ -197,11 +197,13 @@ QColor statusLightFill(ProductionStatus status, const StatusLightVisuals& sl)
 
 GameWorldView::GameWorldView(Simulation* sim, const GameConfig* config,
                              const VisualsConfig* visuals, const std::string& configDir,
-                             const ParsedReplay* replay, QWidget* parent)
+                             ItemIconCache* itemIcons, const ParsedReplay* replay,
+                             QWidget* parent)
     : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
     , m_sim(sim)
     , m_config(config)
     , m_visuals(visuals)
+    , m_itemIcons(itemIcons)
     , m_commandManager(*sim)
     , m_gameSpeedMultiplier(1.0)
     , m_prevNonZeroSpeed(1.0)
@@ -223,11 +225,6 @@ GameWorldView::GameWorldView(Simulation* sim, const GameConfig* config,
 
     loadBuildingIcons(configDir);
 
-    // Item icons live beside the config dir, mirroring the building icons
-    // (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON, REQ-UI-WORLD-ICON).
-    m_itemIcons = std::make_unique<ItemIconCache>(QDir::cleanPath(
-        QString::fromStdString(configDir) + "/../icons/items"));
-
     m_renderTimer = new QTimer(this);
     m_renderTimer->setInterval(16);
     connect(m_renderTimer, &QTimer::timeout, this, &GameWorldView::onFrame);
@@ -669,15 +666,6 @@ void GameWorldView::clampScroll()
 // Placement helpers
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const BuildingDef* GameWorldView::findBuildingDef(BuildingType type) const
-{
-    for (const BuildingDef& def : m_config->buildings.buildings)
-    {
-        if (def.type == type) { return &def; }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
 bool GameWorldView::isValidPlacement(BuildingType type, QPoint anchor,
                                      Rotation rot) const
 {
@@ -689,7 +677,7 @@ bool GameWorldView::isValidPlacement(BuildingType type, QPoint anchor,
         return false;
     }
 
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(type);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config->buildings.findBuildingDef(type);
     if (!def) { return false; }
     const ParsedSurfaceMask parsed = parseSurfaceMask(def->surfaceMask, rot);
 
@@ -892,7 +880,7 @@ void GameWorldView::placeBlueprintAtTile(QPoint center)
         {
             continue;
         }
-        const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(bb.type);
+        const BuildingDef* def = m_config->buildings.findBuildingDef(bb.type);
         if (def) { totalCost += def->cost; }
     }
     if (m_sim->getBuildingBlocksStock() < totalCost) { return; }
@@ -969,29 +957,39 @@ BuildingType GameWorldView::effectiveBuilderType() const
     return inTunnelMode() ? m_tunnelGhostType : *m_builderType;
 }
 
-std::map<std::pair<int, int>, TunnelTileInfo> GameWorldView::collectTunnelTiles() const
+TunnelTileMap GameWorldView::collectTunnelTiles() const
 {
     // Index every tunnel entry/exit — built or still a construction site — by its
     // single-cell tile, so a just-placed tunnel (not yet constructed) is matchable
     // (REQ-BLD-TUNNEL-MODE, REQ-BLD-TUNNEL-SELECT-HIGHLIGHT).
-    std::map<std::pair<int, int>, TunnelTileInfo> tunnels;
+    TunnelTileMap tunnels;
     for (const Building& b : m_sim->getBuildings().getAllBuildings())
     {
         if (b.type == BuildingType::TunnelEntry || b.type == BuildingType::TunnelExit)
         {
-            tunnels[{b.anchor.x(), b.anchor.y()}] = TunnelTileInfo{b.type, b.rotation};
+            tunnels[b.anchor] = TunnelTileInfo{b.type, b.rotation};
         }
     }
     for (const ConstructionSite& s : m_sim->getBuildings().getAllSites())
     {
         if (s.type == BuildingType::TunnelEntry || s.type == BuildingType::TunnelExit)
         {
-            tunnels[{s.anchor.x(), s.anchor.y()}] = TunnelTileInfo{s.type, s.rotation};
+            tunnels[s.anchor] = TunnelTileInfo{s.type, s.rotation};
         }
     }
     return tunnels;
 }
 
+TunnelLookup GameWorldView::makeTunnelLookup(const TunnelTileMap& tunnels)
+{
+    return [&tunnels](QPoint tile) -> std::optional<TunnelTileInfo>
+    {
+        const TunnelTileMap::const_iterator it = tunnels.find(tile);
+        if (it == tunnels.end()) { return std::nullopt; }
+        return it->second;
+    };
+}
+
 void GameWorldView::updateTunnelGhost()
 {
     m_tunnelGhostType = BuildingType::TunnelEntry;
@@ -1004,14 +1002,8 @@ void GameWorldView::updateTunnelGhost()
         return;
     }
 
-    const std::map<std::pair<int, int>, TunnelTileInfo> tunnels = collectTunnelTiles();
-    const TunnelLookup lookup = [&tunnels](QPoint tile) -> std::optional<TunnelTileInfo>
-    {
-        const std::map<std::pair<int, int>, TunnelTileInfo>::const_iterator it =
-            tunnels.find({tile.x(), tile.y()});
-        if (it == tunnels.end()) { return std::nullopt; }
-        return it->second;
-    };
+    const TunnelTileMap tunnels = collectTunnelTiles();
+    const TunnelLookup  lookup  = makeTunnelLookup(tunnels);
 
     const TunnelCompletion completion =
         resolveTunnelCompletion(lookup, m_ghostTile, m_ghostRotation,
@@ -1133,7 +1125,7 @@ std::vector<GameWorldView::BeltDragResolved> GameWorldView::resolveBeltDragPath(
     std::vector<BeltDragResolved> resolved;
     resolved.reserve(m_beltDragPath.size());
 
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(BuildingType::Belt);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config->buildings.findBuildingDef(BuildingType::Belt);
     const int beltCost      = (def != nullptr) ? def->cost : 0;
     const int stock         = m_sim->getBuildingBlocksStock();
     int       spent         = 0;
@@ -1405,7 +1397,7 @@ void GameWorldView::drawBuildings(QPainter& painter)
         painter.setBrush(Qt::NoBrush);
         painter.drawRect(bboxRect);
 
-        const BuildingDef* siteDef = findBuildingDef(s.type);
+        const BuildingDef* siteDef = m_config->buildings.findBuildingDef(s.type);
         if (siteDef)
         {
             // Glyph + progress percentage
@@ -1988,21 +1980,15 @@ void GameWorldView::drawSelectedTunnelConnections(QPainter& painter)
 {
     if (m_selectedBuildingIds.empty()) { return; }
 
-    const std::map<std::pair<int, int>, TunnelTileInfo> tunnels = collectTunnelTiles();
+    const TunnelTileMap tunnels = collectTunnelTiles();
     if (tunnels.empty()) { return; }
 
-    const TunnelLookup lookup = [&tunnels](QPoint tile) -> std::optional<TunnelTileInfo>
-    {
-        const std::map<std::pair<int, int>, TunnelTileInfo>::const_iterator it =
-            tunnels.find({tile.x(), tile.y()});
-        if (it == tunnels.end()) { return std::nullopt; }
-        return it->second;
-    };
+    const TunnelLookup lookup = makeTunnelLookup(tunnels);
 
     // Collect the tiles to highlight in a set so a connection selected from both ends
     // (or overlapping runs) is filled exactly once — filling a semi-transparent green
     // twice would darken it (REQ-BLD-TUNNEL-SELECT-HIGHLIGHT).
-    std::set<std::pair<int, int>> highlightTiles;
+    std::set<QPoint, QPointCompare> highlightTiles;
     for (const BuildingId id : m_selectedBuildingIds)
     {
         std::optional<QPoint>   anchor;
@@ -2032,15 +2018,15 @@ void GameWorldView::drawSelectedTunnelConnections(QPainter& painter)
                              (delta.y() > 0) - (delta.y() < 0));
         for (QPoint t = *anchor; ; t += stepDir)
         {
-            highlightTiles.insert({t.x(), t.y()});
+            highlightTiles.insert(t);
             if (t == *partner) { break; }
         }
     }
 
     const QColor green = m_visuals->overlays.tunnelPreview;
-    for (const std::pair<int, int>& tile : highlightTiles)
+    for (const QPoint& tile : highlightTiles)
     {
-        painter.fillRect(tileRect(QPoint(tile.first, tile.second)), green);
+        painter.fillRect(tileRect(tile), green);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2177,7 +2163,7 @@ void GameWorldView::drawBuildingGhost(QPainter& painter, BuildingType type,
                                       QPoint anchorTile, Rotation rotation,
                                       bool valid, bool showPortTargetGlyphs)
 {
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(type);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config->buildings.findBuildingDef(type);
     if (!def) { return; }
 
     const std::map<BuildingType, BuildingVisuals>::const_iterator it =
@@ -2960,7 +2946,7 @@ void GameWorldView::rotateGhost(bool clockwise)
     {
         for (BlueprintBuilding& bb : m_blueprintMode->buildings)
         {
-            const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(bb.type);
+            const BuildingDef* def = m_config->buildings.findBuildingDef(bb.type);
             if (!def) { continue; }
             const ParsedSurfaceMask mask = parseSurfaceMask(def->surfaceMask, bb.rotation);
             int minX = INT_MAX, minY = INT_MAX;
@@ -3259,7 +3245,7 @@ void GameWorldView::enqueuePlaceBuilding(BuildingType type, QPoint anchor, Rotat
 
 bool GameWorldView::canAfford(BuildingType type) const
 {
-    const BuildingDef* def = findBuildingDef(type);
+    const BuildingDef* def = m_config->buildings.findBuildingDef(type);
     if (!def) { return false; }
     return m_sim->getBuildingBlocksStock() >= def->cost;
 }

src/ui/GameWorldView.h

@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@ struct QPointCompare
     }
 };
 
+// Tunnel entries/exits indexed by their single-cell tile (REQ-BLD-TUNNEL-MODE).
+using TunnelTileMap = std::map<QPoint, TunnelTileInfo, QPointCompare>;
+
 class GameWorldView : public QOpenGLWidget,
                       public CombinedEventHandler<BeamFiredEvent,
                                                   BuildingTypeSelectedEvent,
@@ -80,9 +83,12 @@ class GameWorldView : public QOpenGLWidget,
     Q_OBJECT
 
 public:
+    // itemIcons is the window-wide per-item icon cache (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON); not
+    // owned, must outlive this widget.
     GameWorldView(Simulation* sim, const GameConfig* config,
                   const VisualsConfig* visuals, const std::string& configDir,
-                  const ParsedReplay* replay, QWidget* parent = nullptr);
+                  ItemIconCache* itemIcons, const ParsedReplay* replay,
+                  QWidget* parent = nullptr);
     ~GameWorldView() override;
 
     double getGameSpeed() const;
@@ -182,7 +188,6 @@ private:
     void     clampScroll();
 
     bool     isValidPlacement(BuildingType type, QPoint anchor, Rotation rot) const;
-    const BuildingDef* findBuildingDef(BuildingType type) const;
     std::optional<BuildingId> buildingAtTile(QPoint tile) const;
     std::optional<BuildingId> siteAtTile(QPoint tile) const;
     // Ids of all buildings and construction sites whose footprint intersects
@@ -243,7 +248,10 @@ private:
     void         updateTunnelGhost();
     // Indexes every tunnel entry/exit — built or still a construction site — by its
     // single-cell tile. Shared by the placement preview and the selection highlight.
-    std::map<std::pair<int, int>, TunnelTileInfo> collectTunnelTiles() const;
+    TunnelTileMap collectTunnelTiles() const;
+    // Wraps a tunnel tile index in the lookup functor the TunnelCompletion helpers
+    // take. The returned functor references `tunnels`, which must outlive it.
+    static TunnelLookup makeTunnelLookup(const TunnelTileMap& tunnels);
     // Draws the green connection highlight for every selected tunnel end that has a
     // matching end (REQ-BLD-TUNNEL-SELECT-HIGHLIGHT).
     void         drawSelectedTunnelConnections(QPainter& painter);
@@ -304,9 +312,10 @@ private:
     };
     std::map<BuildingType, BuildingIconRenderers> m_buildingIcons;
 
-    // Per-item icon cache (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON), loaded from <configDir>/../icons/items.
-    // Shared draw path for belt and port items; pixmaps are cached per target size.
-    std::unique_ptr<ItemIconCache> m_itemIcons;
+    // Per-item icon cache (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON), shared window-wide and owned by
+    // MainWindow. Shared draw path for belt and port items; pixmaps are cached
+    // per target size.
+    ItemIconCache* m_itemIcons;
 
     // Funnels all player input into the single Simulation::apply chokepoint.
     CommandManager m_commandManager;

src/ui/HeaderBar.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "EventManager.h"
 #include "IconCaption.h"
 #include "ItemIconCache.h"
+#include "Simulation.h"
 #include "SpeedChangeRequestedEvent.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
 
@@ -30,11 +31,11 @@ namespace
 const double HeaderBar::kSpeeds[]   = { 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 10.0 };
 const int    HeaderBar::kSpeedCount = 5;
 
-HeaderBar::HeaderBar(const GameConfig* config, const std::string& itemsIconDir,
-                     QWidget* parent)
+HeaderBar::HeaderBar(const Simulation* sim, const GameConfig* config,
+                     ItemIconCache* itemIcons, QWidget* parent)
     : QWidget(parent)
-    , m_itemIcons(std::make_unique<ItemIconCache>(
-          QString::fromStdString(itemsIconDir)))
+    , m_itemIcons(itemIcons)
+    , m_sim(sim)
 {
     QHBoxLayout* layout = new QHBoxLayout(this);
     layout->setContentsMargins(8, 4, 8, 4);
@@ -115,16 +116,14 @@ void HeaderBar::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const TickAdvancedEvent> event)
             .arg(totalSeconds % 60, 2, 10, QChar('0')));
 }
 
-void HeaderBar::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const BuildingBlocksChangedEvent> event)
+void HeaderBar::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const BuildingBlocksChangedEvent> /*event*/)
 {
-    m_blocks = event->blocks;
     updateBlocksLabel();
     updateExpandButton();
 }
 
-void HeaderBar::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const ExpansionCostChangedEvent> event)
+void HeaderBar::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const ExpansionCostChangedEvent> /*event*/)
 {
-    m_expansionCost = event->cost;
     updateExpandButton();
 }
 
@@ -138,32 +137,37 @@ QPixmap HeaderBar::blockIcon() const
 
 void HeaderBar::updateBlocksLabel()
 {
+    const int blocks = m_sim->getBuildingBlocksStock();
+
     const QPixmap icon = blockIcon();
     if (icon.isNull())
     {
         // Fallback text form when no building_block icon exists (REQ-UI-BLOCKS-ICON).
-        m_blocksLabel->setText(tr("Stock: %1 Blocks").arg(m_blocks));
+        m_blocksLabel->setText(tr("Stock: %1 Blocks").arg(blocks));
         return;
     }
     m_blocksLabel->setPixmap(renderCaptionWithIcon(
-        tr("Stock: %1").arg(m_blocks), icon, font(),
+        tr("Stock: %1").arg(blocks), icon, font(),
         m_blocksLabel->palette().color(QPalette::WindowText)));
 }
 
 void HeaderBar::updateExpandButton()
 {
-    m_expandButton->setEnabled(m_blocks >= m_expansionCost);
+    const int blocks        = m_sim->getBuildingBlocksStock();
+    const int expansionCost = m_sim->getCurrentExpansionCost();
+
+    m_expandButton->setEnabled(blocks >= expansionCost);
 
     const QPixmap icon = blockIcon();
     if (icon.isNull())
     {
         // Fallback text form when no building_block icon exists (REQ-UI-EXPAND-BUTTON).
         m_expandButton->setIcon(QIcon());
-        m_expandButton->setText(tr("Expand: %1 Blocks").arg(m_expansionCost));
+        m_expandButton->setText(tr("Expand: %1 Blocks").arg(expansionCost));
         return;
     }
 
-    const QString text = tr("Expand: %1").arg(m_expansionCost);
+    const QString text = tr("Expand: %1").arg(expansionCost);
     const QPalette& pal = m_expandButton->palette();
     const QPixmap normal = renderCaptionWithIcon(
         text, icon, m_expandButton->font(), pal.color(QPalette::ButtonText));

src/ui/HeaderBar.h

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 class QLabel;
 class QPushButton;
 class ItemIconCache;
+class Simulation;
 
 class HeaderBar : public QWidget,
                   public CombinedEventHandler<TickAdvancedEvent,
@@ -32,11 +33,11 @@ class HeaderBar : public QWidget,
     Q_OBJECT
 
 public:
-    // itemsIconDir holds the per-item icon SVGs (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON); used to show the
-    // building_block icon in the stock display and expand button (REQ-UI-BLOCKS-ICON,
-    // REQ-UI-EXPAND-BUTTON).
-    HeaderBar(const GameConfig* config, const std::string& itemsIconDir,
-              QWidget* parent = nullptr);
+    // itemIcons is the window-wide per-item icon cache (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON); used to
+    // show the building_block icon in the stock display and expand button
+    // (REQ-UI-BLOCKS-ICON, REQ-UI-EXPAND-BUTTON). Not owned; must outlive this widget.
+    HeaderBar(const Simulation* sim, const GameConfig* config,
+              ItemIconCache* itemIcons, QWidget* parent = nullptr);
     ~HeaderBar() override;
 
 private slots:
@@ -54,9 +55,10 @@ private:
     // expansion cost and building block stock (REQ-UI-EXPAND-BUTTON).
     void updateExpandButton();
 
-    // Refreshes the building blocks stock display from m_blocks: `Stock: <n>` with
-    // the building_block icon after it, or the `Stock: <n> Blocks` text fallback when
-    // no icon file exists (REQ-UI-BLOCKS-ICON).
+    // Refreshes the building blocks stock display from the simulation:
+    // `Stock: <n>` with the building_block icon after it, or the
+    // `Stock: <n> Blocks` text fallback when no icon file exists
+    // (REQ-UI-BLOCKS-ICON).
     void updateBlocksLabel();
 
     // The building_block icon at the header's text height, or a null pixmap when no
@@ -71,10 +73,11 @@ private:
     QPushButton*             m_expandButton;
     std::vector<QPushButton*> m_speedButtons;
 
-    std::unique_ptr<ItemIconCache> m_itemIcons;
+    ItemIconCache*           m_itemIcons;  // Not owned; lives in MainWindow.
 
-    int                      m_blocks        = 0;
-    int                      m_expansionCost = 0;
+    // The simulation is the single source of truth for the block stock and the
+    // expansion cost; the change events are only refresh signals.
+    const Simulation*        m_sim;
 
     static const double kSpeeds[];
     static const int    kSpeedCount;

src/ui/MainWindow.cpp

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 #include "SelectedBuildingPanel.h"
 #include "ShipLayoutBlueprintSerializer.h"
 #include "ShipLayoutDialog.h"
+#include "ItemIconCache.h"
+#include "ModalPauseScope.h"
 #include "Simulation.h"
 #include "Tick.h"
 #include "VisualsLoader.h"
@@ -47,10 +49,13 @@ MainWindow::MainWindow(Simulation* sim, const std::string& configDir,
     const std::string itemsIconDir = QDir::cleanPath(
         QString::fromStdString(m_configDir) + "/../icons/items").toStdString();
 
-    m_headerBar = new HeaderBar(&sim->getConfig(), itemsIconDir, this);
+    m_itemIcons = std::make_unique<ItemIconCache>(
+        QString::fromStdString(itemsIconDir));
+
+    m_headerBar = new HeaderBar(sim, &sim->getConfig(), m_itemIcons.get(), this);
 
     m_gameWorldView = new GameWorldView(sim, &sim->getConfig(), &m_visuals, m_configDir,
-                                        m_replay.get(), this);
+                                        m_itemIcons.get(), m_replay.get(), this);
 
     m_sidePanel = new QWidget(this);
     QVBoxLayout* sideLayout = new QVBoxLayout(m_sidePanel);
@@ -63,7 +68,7 @@ MainWindow::MainWindow(Simulation* sim, const std::string& configDir,
         QString::fromStdString(m_configDir) + "/../icons/buildings").toStdString();
 
     m_selectedBuildingPanel = new SelectedBuildingPanel(sim, &sim->getConfig(), m_sidePanel);
-    m_buildButtonGrid       = new BuildButtonGrid(sim, &sim->getConfig(), iconDir, itemsIconDir, m_sidePanel);
+    m_buildButtonGrid       = new BuildButtonGrid(sim, &sim->getConfig(), iconDir, m_itemIcons.get(), m_sidePanel);
     m_blueprintPanel        = new BlueprintPanel(sim, &sim->getConfig(), m_sidePanel);
 
     sideLayout->addWidget(m_selectedBuildingPanel, 1);
@@ -163,8 +168,7 @@ void MainWindow::layoutPanels()
 
 void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const SchematicChoicesAvailableEvent> event)
 {
-    const double prevSpeed = m_gameWorldView->getGameSpeed();
-    m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(0.0);
+    ModalPauseScope pause(*m_gameWorldView);
 
     ModalDimScope dim(*m_dimOverlay);
     SchematicChoiceDialog dialog(event->choices, m_sim->getConfig().recipes, this);
@@ -175,15 +179,11 @@ void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const SchematicChoicesAvailableEven
     command->choiceIndex = dialog.getChosenIndex();
     EventManager::getInstance()->sendEventImmediately(
         std::make_shared<CommandRequestedEvent>(command));
-
-    m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(prevSpeed);
-    m_gameWorldView->resetFrameTimer();
 }
 
 void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const EscapeMenuRequestedEvent> /*event*/)
 {
-    const double prevSpeed = m_gameWorldView->getGameSpeed();
-    m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(0.0);
+    ModalPauseScope pause(*m_gameWorldView);
 
     ModalDimScope dim(*m_dimOverlay);
     QMessageBox box(this);
@@ -197,39 +197,47 @@ void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const EscapeMenuRequestedEvent> /*e
     QAbstractButton* clicked = box.clickedButton();
     if (clicked == restartBtn)
     {
-        std::shared_ptr<GameConfig> newConfig;
-        try
+        std::optional<GameConfig> newConfig = reloadConfig();
+        if (!newConfig.has_value())
         {
-            newConfig = std::make_shared<GameConfig>(
-                ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(m_configDir));
-            VisualsConfig newVisuals = VisualsLoader::load(m_configDir + "/visuals.toml");
-            m_visuals = std::move(newVisuals);
-            m_dimOverlay->setDimColor(m_visuals.overlays.modalDim);
-        }
-        catch (const std::exception& e)
-        {
-            QMessageBox::critical(this, tr("Config Error"),
-                tr("Failed to reload config:\n%1").arg(e.what()));
-            m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(prevSpeed);
-            m_gameWorldView->resetFrameTimer();
             return;
         }
         // Restart is a command boundary; the view resets when the drain applies
         // it (see GameWorldView::onFrame). A fresh random seed starts a new run.
+        // resetForNewGame() sets the speed for the new run, so the pre-restart
+        // speed is deliberately not restored here.
+        pause.release();
         std::shared_ptr<ResetCommand> command = std::make_shared<ResetCommand>();
-        command->config = std::move(newConfig);
+        command->config = std::make_shared<GameConfig>(std::move(*newConfig));
         command->seed   = std::random_device{}();
         EventManager::getInstance()->sendEventImmediately(
             std::make_shared<CommandRequestedEvent>(command));
     }
     else if (clicked == quitBtn)
     {
+        pause.release();
         close();
     }
-    else
+}
+
+std::optional<GameConfig> MainWindow::reloadConfig()
+{
+    // Config is reloaded from disk on every restart (REQ-CFG-RELOAD); a malformed
+    // file must not leave the window half-updated, so the visuals are only applied
+    // once both files have parsed.
+    try
     {
-        m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(prevSpeed);
-        m_gameWorldView->resetFrameTimer();
+        GameConfig    newConfig  = ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(m_configDir);
+        VisualsConfig newVisuals = VisualsLoader::load(m_configDir + "/visuals.toml");
+        m_visuals = std::move(newVisuals);
+        m_dimOverlay->setDimColor(m_visuals.overlays.modalDim);
+        return newConfig;
+    }
+    catch (const std::exception& e)
+    {
+        QMessageBox::critical(this, tr("Config Error"),
+            tr("Failed to reload config:\n%1").arg(e.what()));
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
 }
 
@@ -237,8 +245,7 @@ void MainWindow::openShipLayoutDialog(BuildingId shipyardId,
                                       const std::string& schematicId,
                                       const ShipLayoutConfig& currentLayout)
 {
-    const double prevSpeed = m_gameWorldView->getGameSpeed();
-    m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(0.0);
+    ModalPauseScope pause(*m_gameWorldView);
 
     std::set<std::string> unlockedModuleIds;
     for (const ModuleDef& def : m_sim->getConfig().modules.modules)
@@ -264,9 +271,6 @@ void MainWindow::openShipLayoutDialog(BuildingId shipyardId,
         EventManager::getInstance()->sendEventImmediately(
             std::make_shared<CommandRequestedEvent>(command));
     }
-
-    m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(prevSpeed);
-    m_gameWorldView->resetFrameTimer();
 }
 
 void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const LayoutDialogRequestedEvent> event)
@@ -296,8 +300,7 @@ void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const LayoutDialogRequestedEvent> e
 
 void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const RecipeSelectionRequestedEvent> event)
 {
-    const double prevSpeed = m_gameWorldView->getGameSpeed();
-    m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(0.0);
+    ModalPauseScope pause(*m_gameWorldView);
 
     // A construction site has no Building yet; fall back to its site record so
     // the recipe/schematic can be chosen before it is built (REQ-BLD-SITE-CONFIG).
@@ -306,8 +309,6 @@ void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const RecipeSelectionRequestedEvent
         b ? nullptr : m_sim->getBuildings().findSite(event->buildingId);
     if (!b && !s)
     {
-        m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(prevSpeed);
-        m_gameWorldView->resetFrameTimer();
         return;
     }
 
@@ -328,11 +329,7 @@ void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const RecipeSelectionRequestedEvent
 
     bool autoOpenLayout = false;
     std::string chosenSchematic;
-    // Item icons live beside the config dir, mirroring the buildings icon path
-    // (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON, REQ-UI-BUILD-ICON).
-    const QString itemIconDir = QDir::cleanPath(
-        QString::fromStdString(m_configDir) + "/../icons/items");
-    RecipeSelectionDialog dialog(options, title, itemIconDir, this);
+    RecipeSelectionDialog dialog(options, title, m_itemIcons.get(), this);
     if (dialog.exec() == QDialog::Accepted && dialog.getChosenId().has_value())
     {
         std::shared_ptr<SetRecipeCommand> command = std::make_shared<SetRecipeCommand>();
@@ -350,13 +347,11 @@ void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const RecipeSelectionRequestedEvent
         }
     }
 
-    m_gameWorldView->setGameSpeed(prevSpeed);
-    m_gameWorldView->resetFrameTimer();
-
     // The SetRecipeCommand above is queued (drains on a later frame) and clears
     // the shipyard's layout, so open the dialog with the chosen schematic and an
     // empty layout rather than reading the not-yet-updated building state. Speed
-    // is already restored so the helper snapshots the real speed to restore.
+    // is restored first so the helper snapshots the real speed to restore.
+    pause.restore();
     if (autoOpenLayout)
     {
         openShipLayoutDialog(event->buildingId, chosenSchematic, ShipLayoutConfig{});
@@ -382,24 +377,14 @@ void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const GameOverEvent> /*event*/)
 
     if (box.clickedButton() == restartBtn)
     {
-        std::shared_ptr<GameConfig> newConfig;
-        try
+        std::optional<GameConfig> newConfig = reloadConfig();
+        if (!newConfig.has_value())
         {
-            newConfig = std::make_shared<GameConfig>(
-                ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(m_configDir));
-            VisualsConfig newVisuals = VisualsLoader::load(m_configDir + "/visuals.toml");
-            m_visuals = std::move(newVisuals);
-            m_dimOverlay->setDimColor(m_visuals.overlays.modalDim);
-        }
-        catch (const std::exception& e)
-        {
-            QMessageBox::critical(this, tr("Config Error"),
-                tr("Failed to reload config:\n%1").arg(e.what()));
             return;
         }
         // Restart is a command boundary; the view resets when the drain applies it.
         std::shared_ptr<ResetCommand> command = std::make_shared<ResetCommand>();
-        command->config = std::move(newConfig);
+        command->config = std::make_shared<GameConfig>(std::move(*newConfig));
         command->seed   = std::random_device{}();
         EventManager::getInstance()->sendEventImmediately(
             std::make_shared<CommandRequestedEvent>(command));
@@ -429,21 +414,17 @@ void MainWindow::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const WinEvent> /*event*/)
 
     if (box.clickedButton() == restartBtn)
     {
-        try
+        std::optional<GameConfig> newConfig = reloadConfig();
+        if (!newConfig.has_value())
         {
-            GameConfig newConfig = ConfigLoader::loadFromDirectory(m_configDir);
-            VisualsConfig newVisuals = VisualsLoader::load(m_configDir + "/visuals.toml");
-            m_visuals = std::move(newVisuals);
-            m_dimOverlay->setDimColor(m_visuals.overlays.modalDim);
-            m_sim->reset(std::move(newConfig));
-        }
-        catch (const std::exception& e)
-        {
-            QMessageBox::critical(this, tr("Config Error"),
-                tr("Failed to reload config:\n%1").arg(e.what()));
             return;
         }
-        m_gameWorldView->resetForNewGame();
+        // Restart is a command boundary; the view resets when the drain applies it.
+        std::shared_ptr<ResetCommand> command = std::make_shared<ResetCommand>();
+        command->config = std::make_shared<GameConfig>(std::move(*newConfig));
+        command->seed   = std::random_device{}();
+        EventManager::getInstance()->sendEventImmediately(
+            std::make_shared<CommandRequestedEvent>(command));
     }
     else
     {

src/ui/MainWindow.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "BuildingId.h"
 #include "EscapeMenuRequestedEvent.h"
 #include "EventHandler.h"
+#include "GameConfig.h"
 #include "GameOverEvent.h"
 #include "LayoutDialogRequestedEvent.h"
 #include "ModalDimOverlay.h"
@@ -27,6 +29,7 @@ class HeaderBar;
 class SelectedBuildingPanel;
 class BuildButtonGrid;
 class BlueprintPanel;
+class ItemIconCache;
 class QCloseEvent;
 class QResizeEvent;
 
@@ -57,6 +60,12 @@ private:
     void handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const LayoutDialogRequestedEvent> event) override;
     void handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const RecipeSelectionRequestedEvent> event) override;
 
+    // Reloads the game config and visuals.toml from disk (REQ-CFG-RELOAD), shared
+    // by every restart path. On success the reloaded visuals are applied to this
+    // window and the fresh GameConfig is returned; on failure a modal error dialog
+    // is shown and std::nullopt is returned, leaving the window state untouched.
+    std::optional<GameConfig> reloadConfig();
+
     // Opens the shipyard layout configuration dialog for the given schematic and
     // current layout, applying the result via SetShipLayoutCommand (REQ-MOD-UI-DIALOG).
     void openShipLayoutDialog(BuildingId shipyardId,
@@ -68,6 +77,9 @@ private:
     std::string            m_configDir;
     VisualsConfig          m_visuals;
     Simulation*            m_sim;
+    // One per-item icon cache for the whole window (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON): the header,
+    // build grid, world view, and recipe dialog all rasterize the same SVGs.
+    std::unique_ptr<ItemIconCache> m_itemIcons;
     GameWorldView*         m_gameWorldView;
     HeaderBar*             m_headerBar;
     SelectedBuildingPanel* m_selectedBuildingPanel;

src/ui/ModalPauseScope.h

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "GameWorldView.h"
+
+// RAII guard for the "pause the game while a modal is open" idiom (REQ-UI-SPEED).
+// Constructing it snapshots the current game speed and pauses the game; on scope
+// exit it restores the snapshotted speed and rebases the render frame timer, so the
+// wall time the player spent in the dialog is not converted into simulation ticks.
+//
+// Pairs with ModalDimScope, which the same call sites use for the dim overlay.
+//
+// Two escape hatches for the paths that must not simply restore at scope exit:
+//   restore() — restore now instead of at scope exit, for when more work has to run
+//               at the player's real speed before the scope ends (e.g. a follow-up
+//               dialog that snapshots the speed itself).
+//   release() — abandon the restore entirely, for when the game is about to be
+//               reset or the window closed and the old speed is meaningless.
+// Both are idempotent and the destructor does nothing once either has run.
+class ModalPauseScope
+{
+public:
+    explicit ModalPauseScope(GameWorldView& view)
+        : m_view(view)
+        , m_previousGameSpeed(view.getGameSpeed())
+        , m_restorePending(true)
+    {
+        m_view.setGameSpeed(0.0);
+    }
+
+    ~ModalPauseScope()
+    {
+        restore();
+    }
+
+    void restore()
+    {
+        if (!m_restorePending) { return; }
+        m_restorePending = false;
+        m_view.setGameSpeed(m_previousGameSpeed);
+        m_view.resetFrameTimer();
+    }
+
+    void release()
+    {
+        m_restorePending = false;
+    }
+
+    ModalPauseScope(const ModalPauseScope&) = delete;
+    ModalPauseScope& operator=(const ModalPauseScope&) = delete;
+
+private:
+    GameWorldView& m_view;
+    double         m_previousGameSpeed;
+    bool           m_restorePending;
+};

src/ui/RecipeSelectionDialog.cpp

@@ -111,14 +111,12 @@ namespace
 
 RecipeSelectionDialog::RecipeSelectionDialog(
     const std::vector<RecipeSelectionOption>& options,
-    const QString& title, const QString& itemIconDir, QWidget* parent)
+    const QString& title, ItemIconCache* itemIcons, QWidget* parent)
     : QDialog(parent)
 {
     setWindowTitle(title);
     setModal(true);
 
-    ItemIconCache iconCache(itemIconDir);
-
     QVBoxLayout* mainLayout = new QVBoxLayout(this);
     QGridLayout* grid = new QGridLayout();
     mainLayout->addLayout(grid);
@@ -131,9 +129,9 @@ RecipeSelectionDialog::RecipeSelectionDialog(
         QPushButton* button = new QPushButton(this);
         // Icon-only when the produced item has an icon (REQ-UI-RECIPE-ICON); otherwise
         // fall back to the caption. The name stays reachable via the tooltip.
-        if (!option.iconItemId.empty() && iconCache.hasIcon(option.iconItemId))
+        if (!option.iconItemId.empty() && itemIcons->hasIcon(option.iconItemId))
         {
-            button->setIcon(QIcon(iconCache.getPixmap(
+            button->setIcon(QIcon(itemIcons->getPixmap(
                 option.iconItemId, kOptionIconSize.width())));
             button->setIconSize(kOptionIconSize);
         }

src/ui/RecipeSelectionDialog.h

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 struct GameConfig;
 class Simulation;
 class QPushButton;
+class ItemIconCache;
 
 // One selectable entry in the recipe/schematic selection dialog
 // (REQ-UI-SELECT-BUTTON). The "(None)" entry uses an empty id.
@@ -43,11 +44,11 @@ class RecipeSelectionDialog : public QDialog
     Q_OBJECT
 
 public:
-    // itemIconDir is the directory holding per-item icon SVGs (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON);
-    // used to render recipe options icon-only (REQ-UI-RECIPE-ICON). Options whose
-    // item has no icon file fall back to their caption text.
+    // itemIcons is the window-wide per-item icon cache (REQ-UI-ITEM-ICON); used to
+    // render recipe options icon-only (REQ-UI-RECIPE-ICON). Options whose item has
+    // no icon file fall back to their caption text. Not owned.
     RecipeSelectionDialog(const std::vector<RecipeSelectionOption>& options,
-                          const QString& title, const QString& itemIconDir,
+                          const QString& title, ItemIconCache* itemIcons,
                           QWidget* parent = nullptr);
 
     std::optional<std::string> getChosenId() const;

src/ui/SchematicChoiceDialog.cpp

@@ -12,15 +12,6 @@
 namespace
 {
 
-const RecipeDef* findRecipe(const RecipesConfig& recipes, const std::string& id)
-{
-    for (const RecipeDef& recipe : recipes.recipes)
-    {
-        if (recipe.id == id) { return &recipe; }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
 QString grantKindLabel(SchematicType type)
 {
     switch (type)
@@ -120,7 +111,7 @@ SchematicChoiceDialog::SchematicChoiceDialog(
                     QLabel* recipeLabel = new QLabel(
                         QString::fromStdString(toDisplayName(recipeId)), card);
                     recipeLabel->setAlignment(Qt::AlignCenter);
-                    if (const RecipeDef* def = findRecipe(recipes, recipeId))
+                    if (const RecipeDef* def = recipes.findRecipeDef(recipeId))
                     {
                         recipeLabel->setToolTip(buildRecipeTooltip(*def));
                     }

src/ui/SelectedBuildingPanel.cpp

@@ -430,14 +430,7 @@ void SelectedBuildingPanel::refreshBuffers(const Building* b)
     // the cycle time and progress can be shown (REQ-UI-PRODUCTION-PROGRESS).
     if (!recipe && isAutoRecipeBuilding(b->type) && b->production.has_value())
     {
-        for (const RecipeDef& r : m_config->recipes.recipes)
-        {
-            if (r.id == b->production->recipeId && r.building == b->type)
-            {
-                recipe = &r;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
+        recipe = m_config->recipes.findRecipeDef(b->production->recipeId, b->type);
     }
 
     QString bufText;
@@ -465,18 +458,14 @@ void SelectedBuildingPanel::refreshBuffers(const Building* b)
                 {
                     for (const PlacedModule& pm : b->shipLayout->placedModules)
                     {
-                        for (const ModuleDef& modDef : m_config->modules.modules)
+                        const ModuleDef* modDef =
+                            m_config->modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+                        if (!modDef) { continue; }
+                        for (const RecipeIngredient& ing : modDef->materials)
                         {
-                            if (modDef.id == pm.moduleId)
+                            if (ing.item == entry.first.id)
                             {
-                                for (const RecipeIngredient& ing : modDef.materials)
-                                {
-                                    if (ing.item == entry.first.id)
-                                    {
-                                        perCycle += ing.amount;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                                break;
+                                perCycle += ing.amount;
                             }
                         }
                     }
@@ -545,13 +534,11 @@ void SelectedBuildingPanel::refreshBuffers(const Building* b)
             {
                 for (const PlacedModule& pm : b->shipLayout->placedModules)
                 {
-                    for (const ModuleDef& modDef : m_config->modules.modules)
+                    const ModuleDef* modDef =
+                        m_config->modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
+                    if (modDef)
                     {
-                        if (modDef.id == pm.moduleId)
-                        {
-                            durationSeconds += modDef.productionTimeSeconds;
-                            break;
-                        }
+                        durationSeconds += modDef->productionTimeSeconds;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -633,21 +620,13 @@ void SelectedBuildingPanel::updateShipyardLayoutWidgets(
 const RecipeDef* SelectedBuildingPanel::findRecipe(const Building* b) const
 {
     if (b->recipeId.empty()) { return nullptr; }
-    for (const RecipeDef& r : m_config->recipes.recipes)
-    {
-        if (r.id == b->recipeId && r.building == b->type) { return &r; }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
+    return m_config->recipes.findRecipeDef(b->recipeId, b->type);
 }
 
 const ShipDef* SelectedBuildingPanel::findShipDef(const std::string& id) const
 {
     if (id.empty()) { return nullptr; }
-    for (const ShipDef& s : m_config->ships.ships)
-    {
-        if (s.id == id) { return &s; }
-    }
-    return nullptr;
+    return m_config->ships.findShipDef(id);
 }
 
 void SelectedBuildingPanel::handleEvent(std::shared_ptr<const TickAdvancedEvent> /*event*/)
@@ -1088,15 +1067,14 @@ void SelectedBuildingPanel::buildEntityShip(entt::entity entity)
         admin.get<SelectedBehaviorComponent>(entity).winner);
     m_entityStatsPanel->setDebugDrawEnabled(m_debugDraw);
 
-    for (const ShipDef& def : m_config->ships.ships)
+    const ShipDef* schematicDef =
+        m_config->ships.findShipDef(identity.schematicId);
+    if (schematicDef)
     {
-        if (def.id == identity.schematicId)
-        {
-            double threat = calculateShipThreatCost(
-                m_config->threatCosts, *m_config, def.id, def.defaultModules);
-            m_entityStatsPanel->setThreatCost(threat);
-            break;
-        }
+        const double threat = calculateShipThreatCost(
+            m_config->threatCosts, *m_config, schematicDef->id,
+            schematicDef->defaultModules);
+        m_entityStatsPanel->setThreatCost(threat);
     }
 
     m_entityStatsPanel->show();

src/ui/ShipLayoutDialog.cpp

@@ -243,14 +243,7 @@ private:
         {
             return nullptr;
         }
-        for (const ModuleDef& def : m_config->modules.modules)
-        {
-            if (def.id == id)
-            {
-                return &def;
-            }
-        }
-        return nullptr;
+        return m_config->modules.findModuleDef(id);
     }
 
     std::vector<std::string> rotateMask(const std::vector<std::string>& mask,
@@ -426,13 +419,10 @@ ShipLayoutDialog::ShipLayoutDialog(const GameConfig* config,
     setModal(true);
 
     // Find the ship's layout grid.
-    for (const ShipDef& def : config->ships.ships)
+    const ShipDef* shipDef = config->ships.findShipDef(shipId);
+    if (shipDef)
     {
-        if (def.id == shipId)
-        {
-            m_shipLayout = def.layout;
-            break;
-        }
+        m_shipLayout = shipDef->layout;
     }
 
     m_rows = static_cast<int>(m_shipLayout.size());
@@ -706,11 +696,7 @@ void ShipLayoutDialog::rebuildOccupancy()
     for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(m_placedModules.size()); ++i)
     {
         const PlacedModule& pm = m_placedModules[i];
-        const ModuleDef* def = nullptr;
-        for (const ModuleDef& d : m_config->modules.modules)
-        {
-            if (d.id == pm.moduleId) { def = &d; break; }
-        }
+        const ModuleDef* def = m_config->modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
         if (!def)
         {
             continue;
@@ -807,11 +793,7 @@ void ShipLayoutDialog::loadLayoutBlueprint(const std::vector<PlacedModule>& modu
     for (const PlacedModule& pm : modules)
     {
         // Validate module type exists and is unlocked.
-        const ModuleDef* def = nullptr;
-        for (const ModuleDef& d : m_config->modules.modules)
-        {
-            if (d.id == pm.moduleId) { def = &d; break; }
-        }
+        const ModuleDef* def = m_config->modules.findModuleDef(pm.moduleId);
         if (!def || m_unlockedModuleIds.count(def->id) == 0) { continue; }
 
         const std::vector<std::string> mask = rotatedMask(*def, pm.rotation);